Sarcophyton glaucum

Anthozoa Alcyonaria Alcyonacea Alcyonidae Sarcophyton glaucum... 

Ne eman I, Fishelson L, Kashman Y, Sarcophine. New toxin from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum PAcyonsena) Toxicon 12 593—598, 1974. 

Sarcophyton glaucum is a common soft coral of the Red Sea, Pacific, and other coral reefs. In 1974, Kashman and co-workers67 reported the furanocembranoid diterpene sarcophine (45) from S. glaucum with a remarkable yield of up to 3% dry weight, and suggested that sarcophine constitutes the major chemical defense against natural predators. 

Chemical examination of Sarcophyton glaucum collected at Ishigaki island, Okinawa Prefecture, resulted in the isolation of seven cembranoid diterpenes, namely sarcophytol A (3), sarcophytol A acetate (4), sarcophytol B (5), sarcophy-tonin A (6), and minor constituents sarcophytol C (7), D (8), and E (9). These compounds were found to be susceptible to autooxidation while being purified. The structural determination of these compounds was made mainly based on proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral evidence and degradative studies by ozonolysis. X-ray crystallographic analysis for the two crystalline compounds, sarcophytol B (5) and D (8), has been reported. The total lipid extracts of S. glaucum comprise about 40% sarcophytol A (3), 5% each of sarcophytol A acetate (4) and sarcophytonin A (6), about 1% sarcophytol B (5), and minor amounts of sarcophytol C (7), D (8), and E (9). 

Many cembranoid diterpenoids have been isolated from corals. Sarcophytol-A (66), its acetate, sarcophytol-B (67), and sarcophytonin A (68) have been iso-lated from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum and some epoxycembranes (69) and (70) (sarcophine) were obtained from S. crassocaule. Extraction of Lobophytum crassospiculatum yielded a further group of cembranolides. A... 

Source Sarcophyton glaucum Mol. formula C2qHj20 Mol. wt. 288 Solvent CDCL... 

Kobayashi, M., T. Ishizaka, and H. Mitsuhashi Marine Sterols X. Minor Constituents of the Sterols of the Soft Coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Steroids 40, 209 (1982). 

Nakagawa, T., M. Kobayashi, K. Hayashi, and H. Mitsuhashi Marine Terpenes and Terpenoids. II. Structures of Three Cembrane-type Diterpenes, Sarcophytol-C, Sarcophytol-D, and Sarcophytol-E, from the Soft Coral, Sarcophyton glaucum Q. et G. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Japan) 29, 82 (1981). 

Toth, J.A., B.J. Burreson, P.J. Scheuer, J. Finer-Moore, and J. Clardy Emblide, a New Polyfunctional Cembranolide from the Soft Coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Tetrahedron 36, 1307 (1980). 

Bowden, B.F., J.C. Coll, and R.H. Willis Studies of Australian Soft Corals. XXVII. Two Novel Diterpenes from Sarcophyton glaucum. Aust. J. Chem. 35, 621 (1982). 

Deterrent to Gambusia affinis flexibilide is allelopathic against corals Acropora forwosa and Porites andrewsi Sarcophyton glaucum and Alcyonium molle presented necrosis and moved away from S. flexibilis... 

Sarcophyton glaucum Lemnalia sp. and Sinularia sp. - Aqueous extracts m Rejected all low concentration by mosquito fish Gambusia affinis [86]... 

The following year, the same team isolated, from an unspecified species of Symbiodinium, an inseparable mixture of five 61- to 66-membered macrolactones, related to zooxanthellamides these were overall called zooxanthella-mides C1-C5 (ZAD-Cs). The presence of the macrolactone could be responsible for the vasoconstrictor activity of these amides (Onodera et al, 2005). Zooxanthellamide D (ZAD-D), isolated in 2007 from a Symbiodinium associated with the cnidarian Sarcophyton glaucum (strain JCUCS-1), is a molecule without a spiroketal or sulfate group, and is much smaller (C54Hg3NOi9) than zooxanthellamides A and B. Itis also only moderately cytotoxic, with an IC50 of about 5 pg ml to human carcinoma A431 (Fukatsu et al, 2007). 

Badaria, F.A., Guirguis, A.N., Perovic, S., Steffen, R., Muller, W.F.G., and Schroder, H.C. (1998) Sarcophytolide a new neuroprotective compound from the soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum. Toxicology, 131, 133-143. 

---