Sapropels Mediterranean

Sachs, J. P., and D. J. Repeta. 1999. Oligotrophy and nitrogen fixation during the eastern Mediterranean sapropels events. Science 286 2485-2488. 

At this point, nothing is known about Cu and Zn isotopic variability in seawater. Zn is very depleted in surface waters because it behaves as a nutrient. A substantial amormt of Zn isotope data is available for sediments. Marechal et al. (2000) found that the 5 Zn values of clay minerals from different environments (Paleozoic shales, including a black shale, Mediterranean sapropels. Pacific and Atlantic sediments, a eolian dust) fall within a narrow range (0.17-0.35%o) centered around the magmatic values and therefore reflect the Zn isotope composition... 

SiiB, J., Engelen, B., Cypionka, H., and Sass, H. (2004). Quantitative analysis ofhacterial commimities from Mediterranean sapropels based on cultivation-dependent methods. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 51, 109-121. 

Calvert, S. E., Nielsen, B., and Fontugne, M. R. (1992). Evidence from nitrogen isotope ratios for enhanced productivity during formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Nature 359(6392), 223-225. 

Struck, U., Emeis, K. C., Voss, M, Krom, M. D., and Rau, G. H. (2001). Biological productivity during sapropel S5 formation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Evidence from stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon. Geochim. Et Cosmochim. Acta 65(19), 3249—3266. 

Rinna J., Warning B., Meyers P. A., Brumsack H.-J., and Rullkotter J. (2002) Combined organic and inorganic geochemical reconstruction of paleodepositional conditions of a Pliocene sapropel from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66, 1969-1986. 

Sachs J. P. and Repeta D. J. (1999) Ohgotrophy and nitrogen fixation during Eastern Mediterranean sapropel events. Science 286, 2485-2488. 

Fihppelh G. M., Sierro F. J., Flores J. A., Vazquez A., Utriha R., Perez-Folgado M., and Latimer J. C. (2003) A sediment-nutrient-oxygen feedback responsible for productivity variations in Late Miocene sapropel sequences of the western Mediterranean. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 190, 335-348. 

Hassold N., Rea D. K., and Meyers P. A. (2003) Grain size evidence for variations in delivery of terrigenous sediments to a Middle Pleistocene interrupted sapropel from ODP Site 969, Mediterranean Ridge. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol PalaeoecoL 190, 211-219. 

Thomson ., Mercone D., de Lange G. J., and van Santvoort P. J. M. (1999) Review of recent advances in the interpretation of eastern Mediterranean sapropel SI from geochemical evidence. Mar. Geol. 153, 77-89. 

Bosch H.-J., Sinninghe Damste J. S., and de Leeuw J. W. (1998) Molecular palaeontology of eastern Mediterranean sapropels evidence for photic zone euxinia. Proc. ODP. Set Res. 160, 285-295. 

Stratford K., Wilhams R. G., and Myers P. G. (2000) Impact of the circulation on sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 14, 683 -695. 

Slomp C. P., Thomson J., and De Lange G. J. (2002) Enhanced regeneration of phosphorus during formation of the most recent eastern Mediterranean sapropel (SI). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66(7), 1171-1184. 

Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A. Kaufman, A. (2000) Timing and hydrological conditions of Sapropel events in the Eastern Mediterranean, as evident from speleothems, Soreq Cave, Israel. Chemical Geology 169, 145-156. 

Figure 14. GC-traces of three different lipid fractions of the Sy Mediterranean sapropel extracts.

Figure 15. Total profiles of lipids from an Si Mediterranean sapropel and from a fossil cuticle.

Menzel D., Hopmans E.C., van Bergen P.F., de LeeuwJ.W., Sinninghe Damste J.S. (2002) Development of photic zone euxinia in the eastern Mediterranean Basin during deposition of Pliocene sapropels. Mar. Geol. 189, 215-26. 

Meyers PA., Negri A. (2003) Introduction to Paleoclimatic and Paleoceanographic Records in Mediterranean Sapropels and Mesozoic Black Shales . Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli-matol., Palaeoecol. 190, 1—8. 

Passier H.F., Bosch H.-J., Nijenhuis I.A., Lourens L.J., Bottcher M.E., Leenders A., Sinninghe Damste J.S., de Lange G.J., de LeeuwJ.W. (1999) Sulphidic Mediterranean surface waters during Pliocene sapropel formation. Nature 397,146-9. 

Rohling E.J. (1994) Review and new aspects concerning the formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Mar. Geol. 122, 1-28. 

Myers, P.G., Haines, K. and Rohling, EJ. (1998) Modelling the paleocirculation of the Mediterranean The last glacial maximum and The Holocene with emphasis on the formation of sapropel S-l. Paleooceanography, 13, 586—606. 

Rossignol-Strick, M., Nesteroff, W., Olive, P. and Verbnaud-Grazzini, C. (1982) After the deluge Mediterranean stagnation and sapropel formation. Nature, 295, 105-110. 

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