Sapropels

Faul-raum, m. (Sewage) digestion tank, -schlamm, m. sapropel (decomposing slime at the bottom of stagnant waters) (Sewage) activated sludge (Metal.) debris. 

Sachs, J. P., and D. J. Repeta. 1999. Oligotrophy and nitrogen fixation during the eastern Mediterranean sapropels events. Science 286 2485-2488. 

At this point, nothing is known about Cu and Zn isotopic variability in seawater. Zn is very depleted in surface waters because it behaves as a nutrient. A substantial amormt of Zn isotope data is available for sediments. Marechal et al. (2000) found that the 5 Zn values of clay minerals from different environments (Paleozoic shales, including a black shale, Mediterranean sapropels. Pacific and Atlantic sediments, a eolian dust) fall within a narrow range (0.17-0.35%o) centered around the magmatic values and therefore reflect the Zn isotope composition... 

The Martinsburg anthraxolite appears to have been emplaced in the bottom muds quite early, possibly as sapropel derived elsewhere from simple marine plants. Emplacement could have been simultaneous with the deposition of the muds, but the absence of stratification suggests that the substance infiltrated into cavities in a way similar to that for the younger New York anthraxolites. 

Peters, K., Rohrback, B., and Kaplan, I. (1981). Geochemistry of artificially heated humic and sapropelic sediments-I Protokerogen. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 65, 688-705. 

Knicker, H., and Hatcher, P. G. (2001). Sequestration of organic nitrogen in the sapropel from Mangrove Lake, Bermuda. Org. Geochem. 32, 733-744. 

Four of the five colleries in which hydrogen sulfide in seam gas has been studied (Southern and Collinsville) or reported (Oaky Creek, Hebburn II and Gregory) are located in the Bowen Basin. Is this a coincidence or a reflection on either the composition of available plant material and/or the depositional environment With regard to the former, (Moelle, K.H.R., University of Newcastle, personal communication, 1989) has reported the detection of plant fossils of the families Neuropteris, Lonchopteris and Sphenopteris in European sapropelic mudstone/torbanites of Carboniferous age where hydrogen sulfide concentrations occur. 

Polysaccharides. NIR spectra of polysaccharides contain features due to OH, CHp, and CH. OH groups produce broad bands near 1.4 and 1.0 um, the first and second overtones of the 0-H stretching fundamental. Sharp narrow 0-H features may occur if OH groups are weakly hydrogen bonded, as, for example, in the sapropel spectrum in Figure 3 In addition, two or more broad bands occur between 1.9 and 2.3 Jim due to combinations of 0-H stretch and C-O-H bending modes (42, 44> 56,... 

The Halimeda, sapropel, and leaf spectra in Figure 3 contain features due to polysaccharides. 

Figure 3. Spectra of organic samples illustrating absorption features due to C-H (1)f 0-H (2), N-H (3), and organic pigments (4) (Halimeda spectrum offset vertically by 0.3 sapropel spectrum by 0.04> coral polyp by 0.04 gorgonian by -0.04> dead leaf by 0.04> and coral organics by -0.06. )...

In the Black Sea basins, the Chaudian deposits are not subdivided here, they are represented by uniform clays and silts with sapropel interlayers in the upper part, that contain assemblages of fresh-water and brackish-water cryophilic diatoms [2]. 

There are also natural mineralorganic fillers, namely plant and animal residues of different geologic age coals, shales, sapropels. The stocks of these materials amount to trillions of tonnes. In particular, sapropels (products of geologic... 

Alteration of the temperature regime of keroplasts pelleting has practically no influence on the density of the items, produced by pressure moulding. The maximum foaming degree of such samples is 3%. Foam moulded items can be produced with sapropel-filled thermoplasts [11]. 

Fig. 4. Distribution of material density over the sample thickness (for high density polyethylene). Gas formers (1) azodicarbon-amide (1 part by weight) sapropel (2) (5 parts by weight). (From data in [11])...

SiiB, J., Engelen, B., Cypionka, H., and Sass, H. (2004). Quantitative analysis ofhacterial commimities from Mediterranean sapropels based on cultivation-dependent methods. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 51, 109-121. 

Calvert, S. E., Nielsen, B., and Fontugne, M. R. (1992). Evidence from nitrogen isotope ratios for enhanced productivity during formation of eastern Mediterranean sapropels. Nature 359(6392), 223-225. 

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