Sapphire energies

Sapphire Energy Inc., 3115 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA e-mail brian.goodall sapphirefuel.com... 

Sapphire Energy, Inc. Integrated algal biorefinery Demonstrate Sapphire s open pond process utilizing CO2, brackish water, and nutrients. 

Energy, U.D.o., 2013. Sapphire Energy Integrated Algal Biorefinery (lABR). DOE/EE-0841. 

The most connnon commercially prepared amplifier systems are pumped by frequency-doubled Nd-YAG or Nd-YLF lasers at a 1-5 kHz repetition rate a continuously pumped amplifier that operates typically in the 250 kHz regime has been described and implemented connnercially [40]. The average power of all of the connnonly used types of Ti-sapphire amplifier systems approaches 1 W, so the energy per pulse required for an experiment effectively detennines the repetition rate. 

The lasing medium in the titanium-sapphire laser is crystalline sapphire (AI2O3) with about 0.1 per cent by weight of Ti203. The titanium is present as Ti and it is between energy levels of this ion that lasing occurs. 

A further advantage, compared with the alexandrite laser, apart from a wider tuning range, is that it can operate in the CW as well as in the pulsed mode. In the CW mode the Ti -sapphire laser may be pumped by a CW argon ion laser (see Section 9.2.6) and is capable of producing an output power of 5 W. In the pulsed mode pumping is usually achieved by a pulsed Nd YAG laser (see Section 9.2.3) and a pulse energy of 100 mJ may be achieved. 

The layout of the experimental set-up is shown in Figure 8-3. The laser source was a Ti sapphire laser system with chirped pulse amplification, which provided 140 fs pulses at 780 nm and 700 pJ energy at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The excitation pulses at 390 nm were generated by the second harmonic of the fundamental beam in a 1-nun-thick LiB305 crystal. The pump beam was focused to a spot size of 80 pm and the excitation energy density was between 0.3 and 12 ntJ/crn2 per pulse. Pump-... 

In summary, the NLE technique offers a concepmally new approach to observe NFS. Existing limits for time resolution could be overcome by a microfocused synchrotron beam (as planned for PETRA III) and by detectors with high spatial resolution and background from SAXS could be suppressed by employing high-energy transitions and crystalline sapphire as rotor material. 

Very recently, white light continuum pulses of duration ca. 200 fsec, pulse energy ca. 1 / J, and peak wavelength of ca. 780 nm have been generated at repetition rates up to 250 kHz by commercially available Ti sapphire regenerative amplified laser systems. Such systems are very expensive, but the expected easier use, as compared with homemade systems, should open up new research applications for time-resolved fluorescence and absorption techniques in the near-IR. 

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