Sampling temporal aspects

All these examples focus on the temporal aspect of nectar induction. In addition, extrafloral nectaries are also especially suited for the study of spatial dynamics following induction. This aspect can be easily assessed because of the discrete distribution of nectaries, the possibility of non-destructive sampling, as well as the ease of nectar collection. With respect to the spatial pattern of induction, Wackers et al. (2001) showed that the impact of herbivory on extrafloral nectar induction is primarily localized (i.e., restricted to the damaged leaf). This local increase in nectar production can help in actively guiding ants to the site of attack. In addition, a weaker systemic response was found. This systemic induction was restricted to the younger leaves. 

An effect such as bioaccumulation in organisms exposed to contaminants is influenced by duration of exposure. This gives a temporal aspect to decisions concerning an appropriate scale of sampling. 

As indicated earlier in the chapter, simulation modeling is used to evaluate temporal aspects of supply chain cmifiguration. Sample simulation results illustrate evalua-timi of the robustness of supply chain configuration in the case of disruptive events (the sample is adopted from the case study of establishing an automotive supply chain in emerging markets (Chandra and Grabis 2002). 

In this chapter we explore several aspects of interferometric nonlinear microscopy. Our discussion is limited to methods that employ narrowband laser excitation i.e., interferences in the spectral domain are beyond the scope of this chapter. Phase-controlled spectral interferometry has been used extensively in broadband CARS microspectroscopy (Cui et al. 2006 Dudovich et al. 2002 Kee et al. 2006 Lim et al. 2005 Marks and Boppart 2004 Oron et al. 2003 Vacano et al. 2006), in addition to several applications in SHG (Tang et al. 2006) and two-photon excited fluorescence microscopy (Ando et al. 2002 Chuntonov et al. 2008 Dudovich et al. 2001 Tang et al. 2006). Here, we focus on interferences in the temporal and spatial domains for the purpose of generating new contrast mechanisms in the nonlinear imaging microscope. Special emphasis is given to the CARS technique, because it is sensitive to the phase response of the sample caused by the presence of spectroscopic resonances. 

Most work has been performed on the yellow emission. The first ODMR in this area was by Glaser and co-workers [14-17], Two defects have been identified the effective mass donor, previously observed in EPR, and a deep donor (g = 1.989, g = 1.992). Glaser and co-workers have argued that the yellow luminescence is due to a two step process in which an electron is first transferred from a shallow donor to a deep ( 1 eV) double donor and then combines radiatively with a hole in a shallow acceptor to give the yellow luminescence. The argument is supported by results on n- [14-16] and prtype [15,16] samples (which support the double donor aspect of the argument) and the temporal evolution and excitation dependence of the ODMR [18]. 

An alternative sampling approach is to deploy a submersible analyser [14,15]. Water is sucked from the exterior environment by an on-board pump in order to fill the sampling loop, with excess sample directed back to the exterior. The flow system is remotely controlled and the results can be either stored in the analyser or transmitted back to the ship via a cable. In this context, a small submersible flow injection analyser, with solid-state spectrophotometric detection, was conceived for the in situ determination of nitrate (Fig. 8.2). Its performance and versatility were assessed by results from laboratory, shipboard (North Sea IMPACT Cruise) and in situ (Tamar Estuary, UK) analysis. Excellent temporal and spatial resolutions were reported and this aspect is crucial for investigating dynamic processes in estuarine, coastal and open ocean waters. 

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