Sampling and Sample Treatment

SAMPLING AND SAMPLE TREATMENT FOR SURFACTANT ANALYSIS IN WATER... 

Sabe and Rauret [33] and Drolc et al. [34], however based upon the Eurachem/ CITAC guide on traceability [3]. In their examples, all authors take into account specific steps or influences in the analytical procedure which can lead to a broken chain of comparisons, such as sampling and sample treatment or preparation steps. Some authors have reported on uncertainties associated with sampling in particular [35,36]. 

Last, but not least, all phases and details of sampling and sample treatment in the field must be faithfully and exhaustively recorded along with details of storage and transport to the laboratory. Description of the appearance of the samples, weather conditions, temperature, devices and materials used and unexpected... 

Accuracy of a method is the closeness of the obtained value to the true value for the sample. This is probably the most difficult parameter to validate. One should consider the sampling and sample treatment, in addition to the measurement method accuracy. Accuracy of the method can be determined in one of three ways. In increasing order of importance, these are ... 

The advances in sample fractionation methods, sample derivatization approaches, and the instrumentation of GC and GC/MS, in particular, are fundamental to metabolic profile research. Biological variation that is inherent to the samples of physiological fluids or tissues should not be obscured by an excessive imprecision of measurement techniques. Thus, reliable sampling and sample treatment procedures (including as much automation as is feasible) should precede the use of sophisticated GC and GC/MS techniques. 

This chapter includes sections on The Analytical Method, Sampling and Sample Treatment, Separation and Concentration, Method Classification, and Determinative Methods. The principal thrust of this chapter is a general summary of some of the more common and current analytical methodologies employed for the determination of total elemental contents in a wide variety of biological and environmental materials. Coverage here is general the reader is referred to other chapters in this book for particular details on individual elements covered there and to the many publications referred in this chapter. The chapter... 

Although sampling and sample treatment are elaborately described in two previous chapters of this book, it may be interesting to give some more details that are specifically relevant for chromium. Problems related to the actual collection and the initial sample handling through to the analytical subsampling will be looked at more closely. 

Water is an essential resource for all living species, including man, and it is necessary to analyze a range of natural waters (e.g., seawater, rainwater, surface water, and groundwater), polluted waters (e.g., industrial water and sewage water), and purified waters (e.g., potable water and distilled water). This article presents an overview of sampling and sample treatment procedures and discusses a range of analytical techniques used for the quantification of major, minor, and trace constituents. 

A FI multisensor system comprising potentiometric sensors of different types for the determination of free cyanide activity in basic solutions for extraction of noble metals has been developed [35]. Solvent polymeric membrane sensors based on metalloporphyrin and crystalline sensors were combined in the sensor system. The sensors of different types were built into the system to form a multisensor detector. The FI multisensor was also beneficial due to computerizing of measurements, automatic sampling, and sample treatment and also due to minimizing amounts of reagents. Preparation of sensor membranes is described below. 

Morabito, R. (2003) Sampling and sample treatment in the analysis of organotin compoimds. In Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol. XLI (ed. D. Barcel6), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 991-1026. 

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