Salt concentrations temperatures

According to the packing geometry, the systems present different porosity and specific surface. The final characteristics of the dried gel are determined by the physicochemical conditions at every step of the preparation the size of primary particles at the moment of aggregate, the concentration of particles in solution, the pH, salt concentration, temperature, and time of aging or other treatment in the wet state, mechanical forces present during drying, the temperature, pH, pressure, salt... 

Measurement of the inactivation rates of AMDH were performed under various conditions of salt types, salt concentrations, temperatures, and buffers (Mevarech and Neumann, 1977 Pundak et al, 1981 Zaccai et al., 1986b, 1989 Hecht andjaenicke, 1989a). It was found that (1) the inactivation process is of first order (which means that only one active form of the enzyme exists), (2) the rate constant for inactivation increases as the salt concentration decreases, (3) the temperature dependence of the rate constants of inactivation depends on type of salt, and (4) the dependence of the rate constants on salt type follows the Hofmeister series (von Hippel and Schleich, 1969), being lower for salting-out salts. The different models for the role of the salts in the stabilization of the AMDH will be discussed in Section IV,G. 

Little is known about the kinetics of the bioprocesses. A reasonable assumption is that the reaction rates are proportional to the amount of micro-organisms catalyzing the reactions. The influence of the other reactants is more complex, for example a nutrient in high concentration often has an inhibiting effect. Moreover, factors such as pH, salt concentrations, temperature, can have effects that are difficult to quantify. For this reason, we assume first-order kinetics and include all the other factors influencing the process rate in two Damkohler numbers. The following dimensionless reactor model is obtained ... 

The second category of aqua ions corresponds to a mixture of differing N values (and symmetries) with almost the same free energy, readily modified by changing salt concentration, temperature (and perhaps even hydrostatic pressure). The rather indifferent choice between N = 7, 8, 9 and 10 may be characteristic for calcium(II), the rare earths and probably also for thorium(IV). The third category are cations with so large radii and so low positive charge (probably K+, Rb+, Cs+ and Ba+2, perhaps even Tl+) that the nearest water molecules are so relatively weakly perturbed and oriented by the cation that the situation is similar to the second layer of water molecules around Co(NH3) 3 or Cr(OH2)g 3, or even N(CH3)4. ... 

Shinoda K, Kunieda H. The effect of salt concentration, temperature and additives on the solvent property of aerosol-OT solutions. J Colloid Interface... 

The pH, salt concentration, temperature, and time during which the gel is aged or... 

The changes of polymer gels volume can also be induced by modification solvent composition, salt concentration, temperature, light or UV, electric and magnetic fields, or by redox reaction. 

By intensifying the conditions in order to increase corrosion rates, that is, increasing solution acidity, salt concentration, temperature or pressure, and so forth. 

For example, the quotient for benzene was independent of turbulence, salt concentration, temperature (4-50°C), and presence of surface active compounds (Smith etal., 1980). 

Solvent Component Salt Concentration Temperature (°C) Conductivity (mS/cm)... 

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