Salt additives, deliquescent, effect

Effect of Deliquescent Salt Additives on the Reaction of S02 with Ca(OH)2... 

In addition, the high concentrations of ions in solutions of high ionic strength such as sea salt particles (especially near their deliquescence point) can alter gas solubility. In this case, the Henry s law constants must be modified using Setchenow coefficients to take this effect into account (e.g., Kolb et al., 1997). 

Because formamidine hydrochloride is extremely deliquescent, considerable care must be exercised in its preparation if satisfactory results are to be achieved. Furthermore, formamidine hydrochloride cannot be used directly in most condensation reactions it must be treated first with a mole of base to liberate free formamidine. The same restriction applies to the metho-sulfate salt of formamidine in addition, complications in synthesis may be anticipated in this latter case because methyl hydrogen sulfate itself is an effective methylating agent.6... 

Table III shows the experimental results of Ca(0H)2 with deliquescent salts as additives, at 74 and 54% relative humidity. From the results presented in this table we can see that the beneficial effect of salts depends on the type of salt and the relative humidity.

For an additive to be effective it is necessary that the hydroxide of the cation be very soluble, otherwise the cation will precipitate as the hydroxide and the anion as the Ca salt. For example, Co(N03)2 is very deliquescent but Co(OH)2 is insoluble so Co precipitates as Co(OH)2 and adding cobalt nitrate becomes equivalent to adding calcium nitrate, which is not a very effective additive. 

This was demonstrated in one of the early experiments where deliquescent salts of Cd and Ni were used for the preparation of the mixed analyte standards. When standard addition instead of the conventional standardization techniques was used, their concentrations were changed from 986 to 803 ug/ml and from 1520 to 1260 ug/ml for Cd and Ni, respectively. These changes in the nominal concentration can account for the observed differences therefore, preparation and standardization of mixed analyte standard solutions is very important for the evaluation of the flame-related phenomena Comparing the characteristics of the calibration curves obtained under various flame conditions with single and mixed analyte standards is a direct, effective way of determining the magnitude of the effect of the flame-related phenomena on the analytical method. 

When berberine is the chief alkaloid in a plant extract its isolation is conveniently effected by making use of the sparing solubility of its sulfate in dilute sulfuric acid. The hydrochloride, hydriodide, and nitrate are easily recrystallized from water or precipitated from acetic acid solutions on the addition of the appropriate ions in the form of salts (182). The phosphate (183) is a bright yellow, non-deliquescent crystalline substance soluble in 14.3 parts of water at 16°. Berberine can be purified through its addition compound with acetone (184, 185, 186). 

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