Salmonella Control

Hinton, M. and Mead, G.C. 1991. Salmonella control in poultry The need for the satisfactory evaluation of probiotics for this purpose. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 13, 49-50. 

Oostenbach, P. (2004) Combining strategies for salmonella control. In Livestock Focus Asia, 23-25 February 2004, Bangkok, Thailand. 

Wierup, M., Wold-Troell, M., Nurmi, E. and Hakkinen, M. (1988) Epidemiological evaluation of the salmonella-controlling effect of a nationwide use of a competitive exclusion culture in poultry. Poult. Sci. 67, 1026-1033. 

The effect of low-dose gamma radiation on the B vitamins in pork chops and chicken breasts was investigated by Fox et al. (67). Over the range of dose (0.5 to 6.7 kGy) and temperature (- 20 to + 20°C) studied, the loss of riboflavin was relatively small. These radiation conditions are appropriate for both trichina elimination in pork and salmonella control in chicken. 

Christman, M.F., Morgan,R.W., Jacobson, F.S., Ames, B. (1985). Positive control of a regulon for defenses against oxidative stress and some heat shock proteins in Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 41, 753-762. 

Some of the pathogens in Table 2, infect only humans (e.g., Vibrio cholerae. Salmonella typhi. Shigella dysenteriae, poliovirus, hepatitis A virus), whereas others, known as zoonotic, infect both humans and animals Salmonella no thypi. Shigella no dysenteriae, Campylobacter, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli such as for example the biotype 0157 H7, Cryptosporidium, etc.). The control of those that only infect humans is easier than the control of the zoonotic ones. Thus, some of them (S, typhi, S. dysenteriae, poliovirus, etc.) have practically been eradicated in many developed countries, whereas the eradication, and even the control below certain levels, of the zoonotic ones is a very difficult task. 

The mutagenic activity of the extracts was assayed using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1535, as described by McCann et al. (58). Ten ul of fish extract were spot-tested without addition of an S9-enzyme preparation (57). MNNG (20 ug/plate) was used as a positive control. 

Patients with complicated typhoid fever (i.e., metastatic foci, ileal perforation, etc.) should receive parenteral therapy with ciprofloxacin 400 mg twice daily or ceftriaxone 2000 mg once daily. Antimicrobial therapy can be completed with an oral agent after initial control of the symptoms of typhoid fever. In persons with AIDS and a first episode of Salmonella bacteremia, a longer duration of antibiotic therapy (1-2 weeks of parenteral therapy followed by 4 weeks of oral fluoroquinolone) is recommended to prevent relapse of bacteremia. 

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the USA has estimated that Campylobacter and Salmonella are the top two bacterial foodbome pathogens as they are responsible for a total of 2 and 1.3 million foodbome infections every year (Mead et al., 1999). Most of the cases of infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella appear to be due to eggs and poultry, but a significant number of cases are related to beef products (CDC, 2005 Jay, 2000). EHEC does not cause as many infections as the top two pathogens (approximately 100,000 in the USA), but EHEC is frequently linked to outbreaks of diarrhea caused by the consumption of contaminated ground beef (Mead et al., 1999, Rangel et al., 2005). Infections caused by EHEC are the major microbial public health concern related to ruminant food products. 

In a study by Annous et al. (2004) surface pasteurization of whole fresh cantaloupes was tested. The results indicated that the reduction in numbers of test organisms, which were Salmonella Poona and E. coli, was significantly different than in the uninoculated controls and that the shelf-life of the pasteurized cantaloupes also increased compared with the untreated controls. 

Vinci et al. [25] randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind adults acute diarrhea rifaximin/control 10/7 E. coli 8/5 ETEC 6/6 Shigella 1/2 Salmonella various nonclassic enteric flora 20 600 mg/day (5 days) placebo 20 matched placebo (5 days)... 

De Castro et al. [27] randomized 2 1 to rifaximin vs. oral rehydration, not blinded children acute episode of recurrent diarrhea occurring between cycles of antibiotic prophylaxis for IJTls rifaximin/control 10/6 Salmonella 8/6 Shigella 6/1 Yersinia 4/2 Campylobacter 2/1EPEC 30 400 mg/day (3-5 days) oral rehydration 16 NA... 

Stomello and Salanitri [29] randomized, active drug-controlled, not double-blind children acute diarrhea rifaximin/control 8/7EPEC 2/3 Salmonella various nonclassic enteric flora 20 200 mg load then 400 mg/day (3-6 days) neomycin 20 <6 years 125.000 IU/day 6-12 years 375.000 IU/day (3-6 days)... 

DuPont etal. [13] randomized, active drug-controlled, double-blind adults acute travelers diarrhea rifaximin/control 12/6 ETEC 7/1 Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter 55 18 600 mg/day 18 1,200 mg/day 19 1,800 mg/day trimetho- prim-sulfa- methoxazole 17 320 mg trimethoprim + 1,600 mg sulfamethoxa-zole/day... 

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