Safe operating procedures controlling cost

An inherently safe plant1112 relies on chemistry and physics to prevent accidents rather than on control systems, interlocks, redundancy, and special operating procedures to prevent accidents. Inherently safer plants are tolerant of errors and are often the most cost effective. A process that does not require complex safety interlocks and elaborate procedures is simpler, easier to operate, and more reliable. Smaller equipment, operated at less severe temperatures and pressures, has lower capital and operating costs. 

The concept of validation came up in the 1970s in association with sterilization procedures and was extended to all steps of pharmaceutical manufacturing procedures. Validation means proving that any and all procedures, processes, equipment, material, operations, and systems comply with the expected performance. Well-planned and well-conducted validation studies constitute GMP principles once they guarantee a consistently safe and efficacious final product. Validation is important for companies, first for QA, and also for cost reduction, decreasing failures, rejection, reworks, recalls, and complaints. The positive aspect of validation is an increase in productivity, as a consequence of a well-controlled process. Validation is required by the regulatory agencies of many countries. 

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