Safe Integral Reactor

Additionally, several, much-larger advanced light water reactor (LWR) designs, such as the 1000-MW Safe Integral Reactor (SIR) [5], claim that no operator action would be required for up to 72 hours following any design basis accident event. Also, the reactors on nuclear submarines routinely operate for patrol periods of about 70 days without outside assistance. 

R.A. Matzie, J. Longo, etc. "Design of the Safe Integral Reactor", Combustion Engineering, TIS-8471 (1989)... 

Safe Integral Reactor - Program Summary, July 1990 - ABB Combustion Engineering Nuclear Power, AEA Technology, Rolls Royce and Associates Limited, Stone Webster Engineering Corporation. 

KOREA ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Conceptual Design of Inherently Safe Integral Reactor, KAERI/RR-1894 (1998). 

Design of the safe integral reactor. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 136 (1992), 73-83. 

Early integrated designs in which SGs and pumps are within the RX inspired the current SMR designs. One of the early designs is the Safe Integral Reactor (SIR) (Fig. 20.2) that introduces a tall riser to enhance natural circulation just above the core (Forsberg and Reich, 1991). Sealed circulation pumps are located just below the PRZ. SGs are placed around the periphery of the vessel. A passive PRZ is at the top of the pressure vessel because of the presence of vapor. This design makes an LB loss of coolant accident (LB-LOCA) impossible because there is no primary coolant pump. 

The differential reactor technique runs showed that, within the explored l ge of reaction conditions, the overall reaction rate Is practically of first order with respect to both reactants. 11) This allows to write an extremely simplified reaction model, in which only five reactions are considered, showing a satisfactory interpretation of the whole set of data, collected by the Integral reactor technique. Ill) No more complex models are needed for practical purposes, since the reaction conditions cannot be very different from the present ones. In order to get good yield and satisfactory catalyst life, as reported [6,10]. Iv) The kinetic equations and parameters so obtained may constitute a safe basis for the design of a pilot plant for the further development of the process. 

This reactor, named LEADIR-PS, (an acronym for LEAD-cooled Integral Reactor, Passively Safe) incorporates the inherent safety features of the Modular High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (MHTGR), while avoiding the cost of reactor and steam generator pressure vessels, and the safety concerns regarding pressure vessel rupture. 

Reactors based on this concept, and incorporating inherent shutdown and passive safety features are called LEADIR-PS, an acronym for LEAD-cooled Integral Reactor - Passively Safe. A possible configuration for LEADIR-PS, discussed in more detail in Section 3 and Section 4, is presented in Figures 1 and Figure 2. 

If development goes as smoothly as projected, the integral fast reactor may be providing safe, economical power early in the twenty-first century, while adding no carbon dioxide or other pollutants to the atmosphere. ... 

Research on separation of hydrogen isotopes is focused on the aspects related to safe operation of nuclear reactors and separation of tritium. Apart from separators based on palladium alloys [142-145], one can find catalytic units with different metallic membranes and various types of integrated systems with catalytic ceramic reactors [146-154]. 

Since the heat of evaporation of acetic acid of -1-23.7 kJ/mol is low compared with the overall heat formed in the oxidation ( 1300kJ/mol for TA), it is clear that considerable amounts of acetic acid need to be evaporated in order to maintain thermal stability. The amount of acetic acid that can be evaporated is directly related to the vapor pressure in the effluent gas flow. Since the vapor pressure is only a function of temperature, the actual operation temperature in the oxidation reactor is determined by the temperature required to obtain the required vapor pressure for safe heat removal in the reactor. Though counterintuitive, it means that higher operation temperatures are typically safer to operate for this catalyst system. For the TA process, this leads to a minimum operation temperature of around 180 °C. Higher temperatures are even better from a heat integration perspective but yield more unwanted by-products and overoxidation to CO2. 

Structural evaluation of core support and PSR blocks under horizontal dynamic SSE loads and impact conditions will be based on reactor vessel and CLR response. Adjustments to vessel and CLR response characteristics can be made, if required, to limit reactor graphite array loads and deflections to acceptable levels to assure safe control rod insertion and structural integrity of the internals components. 

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