Sabinene pepper

Pepper Piper nigrum L. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (about 80), sabinene (20-25)... 

Piper cubeba L. Bi Cheng Qie (Cubeb, tailed pepper) (unripe fruit) Cubebin, dipentene, cadinene, cineol, carene, camphene, pinene, sabinene, azulene, terpineol.49 Urinary antiseptic, stomachic, carminative. 

The major monoterpene hydrocarbons present in pepper oil are a- and (3-pinenes, sabinene and limonene. Chemical structures of major aroma compounds are illustrated in Fig. 2.1. 

Thevanmundi, Poonjaranmunda, Valiakaniak-kadan and Subhakara. Some of the newly developed cultivars are Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-3 and Panniyur-4. By adopting GC and GC-MS techniques, researchers have identified over 55 compounds from the volatile oil of these pepper cultivars. The major compounds identified were a- and (3-pinene, sabinene, limonene, P-caryophyllene, myrcene, p-cymene and caryophellene oxide (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1993 Menon et al., 2000, 2002, 2003 Menon and Padmakumari, 2005). Table 2.7 illustrates this variability among different popular cultivars. 

The sensory properties of black pepper oil obtained by steam distillation of ground peppercorns were analysed with the aid of column chromatography, high-resolution GC and GC-MS. A total of 46 compounds were identified, including (EJ-p-ocimene, 8-guaiene, (Z)(E)-farnesol, 8-cadinol and guaiol, which are reported for the first time as volatile compounds of the essential oil. Sabinene and terpinen-4-ol appeared to be the most important contributors among the volatile compounds to the characteristic odour of black pepper oil (Pino et al., 1990). 

Figure 2. Black pepper 1 - a-pinene, 2 - sabinene, 3 - P-pinene, 4 - limonene + 1,8-cineole, 5 - y-terpinene, 6 - a-terpinolene, 7 - P-caryophellene, 8 - myristicine.

Capsicum frutescens. Volatiles of Cayenne pepper have been studied in a comprehensive GC-MS analysis (Cardeal et al. 2006). Its blend is composed of monoterpenes (e.g., limonene, P-phellandrene, sabinene, P-pinene, y-terpinene), oxidized congeners (e.g., linalool, terpinen-4-ol, a-pheUandrene epoxide), sesquiterpenes (see Sect. 7.3.1.1), and members of different other classes of metabolites. 

The most important alcohols of this series are the diastereoisomeric sabinene hydrates (115)/(116). ( + )-rra 5-Sabinene hydrate (116) was found in nature for the first time in American peppermint oil (0.8%) (95). The content of (+)-cw-sabinene hydrate (115) in marjoram oils is as high as 40% 351). Alcohol (115), purified by sublimation, is reported to have a strong spicy marjoram-like odor 349). In other spices such as black pepper (509), basil 337) and nutmeg 24), the mixture of the two diastereoisomeric alcohols (115)/(116) seems to have a flavor-forming function. 

A number of bicyclic hydrocarbons are present in turpentine, and also as components of fruits, vegetables and spices (8-6). A frequently occurring compound is sabinene, also known as thujene or 4(10)-thujene (which is found in higher concentrations in the essential oil of black pepper), car-3-ene (A -carene), a-pinene (2-pinene), P-pinene, also known as 2(10)-pinene, nopinene or pseudopinene and camphene. Trivial and systematic names of the main compounds are Ksted in Table 8.2. 

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