Rules of the Air

When the Sun is in Aries, he indicates the First Heat, or Grade of the Fire, which is weak because the heat is under the Rule of the Water, but when the Sun is in Leo, then it indicates the Second Grade, which is hotter because the great coldness of the Water being under the Rule of the Air. In... 

We confine the experiments to two UAV encounters, where the two UAVs run the same SAA algorithm, though it is possible for our approach to handle multiple UAVs with heterogeneous SAA algorithms. We have tested our proposed approach on the recently published Selective Velocity Obstacles (SVO) [4] algorithm for collision avoidance. We selected SVO because it improves the widely studied Velocity Obstacles [3] approach to accommodate the common right-of-way rules of the air while providing collision avoidance capability. Full details of SVO are provided in [4] below, we provide a brief summary. 

Over the high seas, the rules of the air have binding effect under Article 12, Sentence 3 of the Chicago Convention. It should be clarified that rules of the air have a broader meaning than Annex 2 and encompass the Standards and Recommended Practices of all other Annexes as far as their application makes sense over the high seas. ... 

In October 1945, the Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control (RAC) Division at its first session made recommendations for Standards, Practices and Procedures for the Rules of the Air. These were reviewed by the then Air Navigation Committee and approved by the Council on 25 February 1946. They were published Recommendations for Standards, Practices and Procedures - Rules of the Air in the first part of Doc 2010, published in February 1946. The RAC Division, at its second session in December 1946-January 1947, reviewed Doc 2010 and proposed Standards and Recommended Practices for the Rules of the Air. These were adopted by the Council as Standards and Recommended Practices relating to Rules of the Air on 15 April 1948, pursuant to Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944) and designated as Annex 2 to the Convention with the title International Standards and Recommended Practices - Rules of the Air. They became effective on 15 September 1948. On 27 November 1951, the Council adopted a complete new text of the Annex, which no longer contained Recommended Practices. The Standards of the amended Annex 2 (Amendment 1) became effective on 1 April 1952 and applicable on 1 September 1952. 

The Standards and Recommended Practices in Annex 11, together with the Standards in Annex 2, govern the application of Vtie Procedures for Air Navigation Services -Air Traffic Management and Regional Supplementary Procedures — Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services, contained in Doc 7030, Annex 11 pertains... 

RPA may have the same phases of flight - taxi, departure, en-route and arrival - as manned aircraft or they may be launched/recovered and/or conduct aerial work. The aircraft performance characteristics may be significantly different from traditional manned aircraft. Regardless, the remote pilot will operate the aircraft in accordance with the rules of the air for the State and airspace in which the RPA is operating. This will include compl)dng with directions and instructions provided by the air traffic services (ATS) unit. 

The provision of air navigation services are mainly regulated by three Annexes to the Chicago Convention, namely Annex 2 (Rules of the Air), Annex 3 (Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation) and Annex 11 (Air Traffic Services). Of these, compliance with Annex 2 is mandatory and does not... 

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