Rubber dynamic properties

A. E. Hirsch and R. J. Boyce, Dynamic Properties of EthjlenefMcrylic Elastomers M New Heat Resistant Rubber Bulletin EA-530.604, Du Pont Polymers, Stow, Ohio, May 1977. 

The most common adhesive system used for bonding continuous fibers and fabrics to rubber is resorcinol-formaldehyde latex (RFL) system. In general, RFL system is a water-based material. Different lattices including nitrile and SBR are used as the latex for the adhesive system. 2-Vinylpyridine-butadiene-styrene is the common latex used in the adhesive recipe. RFL system is widely being used in tires, diaphragms, power transmission belts, hoses, and conveyor belts because of its dynamic properties, adhesion, heat resistance, and the capacity to bond a wide range of fabrics and mbbers. 

Viscoelastic and transport properties of polymers in the liquid (solution, melt) or liquid-like (rubber) state determine their processing and application to a large extent and are of basic physical interest [1-3]. An understanding of these dynamic properties at a molecular level, therefore, is of great importance. However, this understanding is complicated by the facts that different motional processes may occur on different length scales and that the dynamics are governed by universal chain properties as well as by the special chemical structure of the monomer units [4, 5],... 

ISO 3934 2002 Rubber, vulcanized and thermoplastic - Preformed gaskets used in buildings - Classification, specifications and test methods ISO 4649 2002 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of abrasion resistance using a rotating cylindrical drum device ISO 4664-1 2005 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of dynamic properties - Part 1 General guidance... 

The interaction between two fillers particles can be investigated by measuring the Payne effect of a filled rubber compounds. In this measurement, dynamic properties are measured with strain sweep from a very small deformation to a high deformation. With the increased strain, the filler-filler network breaks and results in a lower storage modulus. This behavior is commonly known as the Payne effect... 

Payne, A. R. Dynamic properties of filler-loaded rubbers . In Reinforcement of elastomers. Kraus, G. (Ed.). New York Interscience 1965, pp, 69-123... 

N539 43 111 Tire carcasses, mechanical rubber goods with good dynamic properties, extrusion compounds... 

N762 27 65 Mechanical rubber goods with excellent dynamic properties... 

Payne A. R. (1962). The Dynamic Properties of Carbon Black-Loaded Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Part I, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 6 (19), pp 57-53. "http //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne effect"... 

Fletcher W. P. and Gent A. N. (1953). Non-Linearity in the Dynamic Properties of Vulcanised Rubber Compounds, Trans. Inst. Rubber Ind. 29, pp 266-280... 

Dynamic mechanical analysers, as discussed in chapter 9, can be constructed so that they can be used with unvulcanised materials and, hence, the in phase and out of phase components of modulus and the loss angle measured. The usual test piece geometries for cured rubbers are not convenient for the uncured materials where some form of oscillating shear is probably the best approach. This is the geometry used in cure meters discussed in the next section and such instruments have formed the basis for apparatus which measures dynamic properties from before and through the curing process. 

The term dynamic test is used here to describe the type of mechanical test in which the rubber is subjected to a cyclic deformation pattern from which the stress strain behaviour is calculated. It does not include cyclic tests in which the main objective is to fatigue the rubber, as these are considered in Chapter 12. Dynamic properties are important in a large number of engineering applications of rubber including springs and dampers and are generally much more useful from a design point of view than the results of many of the simpler static tests considered in Chapter 8. Nevertheless, they are even today very much less used than the "static" tests, principally because of the increased complexity and apparatus cost. 

In free vibration methods, the rubber test piece, with or without an added mass, is allowed to oscillate at the natural frequency determined by the dimensions and viscoelastic properties of the rubber and by the total inertia. Due to damping in the rubber, the amplitude of oscillations will decay with time and, from the rate of decay and the frequency of oscillation, the dynamic properties of the test piece can be deduced. 

BS 903 Part A31, 1976. Determination of the low frequency dynamic properties of rubbers by means of a torsion pendulum. 

BS 903 PA24 Guide to the determination of dynamic properties of rubbers DIN 53513 Determination of the viscoelastic properties of elastomers on exposure to forced vibration at nonresonant frequencies... 

The temperature dependence of the Payne effect has been studied by Payne and other authors [28, 32, 47]. With increasing temperature an Arrhe-nius-like drop of the moduli is found if the deformation amplitude is kept constant. Beside this effect, the impact of filler surface characteristics in the non-linear dynamic properties of filler reinforced rubbers has been discussed in a review of Wang [47], where basic theoretical interpretations and modeling is presented. The Payne effect has also been investigated in composites containing polymeric model fillers, like microgels of different particle size and surface chemistry, which could provide some more insight into the fundamental mechanisms of rubber reinforcement by colloidal fillers [48, 49]. 

It is necessary to state more precisely and to clarify the use of the term nonlinear dynamical behavior of filled rubbers. This property should not be confused with the fact that rubbers are highly non-linear elastic materials under static conditions as seen in the typical stress-strain curves. The use of linear viscoelastic parameters, G and G", to describe the behavior of dynamic amplitude dependent rubbers maybe considered paradoxical in itself, because storage and loss modulus are defined only in terms of linear behavior. 

Properties of GPO. GPO has excellent low-temperature properties, excellent dynamic properties ressembling that of natural rubber, a good ozone resistance and good heat aging resistance [116]. 

Very useful properties of GPO include outstanding room temperature hysteresis and good dynamic properties over a wide temperature range. For example in measurements of dynamic modulus the flatness of the curve is observed between —40° C and 140° C and this property is maintained even after aging the polymer 7 days at 150° C, which is not the case with natural rubber. 

Figure 21.9 Rubber midblock effect on dynamic properties of comparable block copolymers by I. Kadri, Shell Chemical Company, Kraton Polymers (internal communication), SRTCL Laboratory, Louvain, Belgium (1999)...

Tsutsumi, F. Sakibara, M. Oshima, N. Structure and dynamic properties of solution SBR coupled with tin compounds. Rubber Chem. Technol. 1990, 63, 8. 

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