Roman lime

Another classification uses the terms semi-hydraulic and hydraulic , corresponding approximately to feebly and eminently hydraulic respectively. Eminently hydraulic lime is also called Roman lime. 

Eminently hydraulic limes (also called Roman limes and hydraulic limes) are natural hydraulic limes, which have pronounced hydraulic properties. 

Hydraulic limes have the property of setting and hardening under water — see natural hydraulic limes, special natural hydraulic limes and artificial hydraulic limes. The term is also used to describe eminently hydraulic and Roman limes. 

L. calx, lime) Though lime was prepared by the Romans in the first century under the name calx, the metal was not discovered until 1808. After learning that Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, Davy was able to isolate the impure metal. 

Although the use of simple diluents and adulterants almost certainly predates recorded history, the use of fillers to modify the properties of a composition can be traced as far back as eady Roman times, when artisans used ground marble in lime plaster, frescoes, and po22olanic mortar. The use of fillers in paper and paper coatings made its appearance in the mid-nineteenth century. Functional fillers, which introduce new properties into a composition rather than modify pre-existing properties, were commercially developed eady in the twentieth century when Goodrich added carbon black to mbber and Baekeland formulated phenol— formaldehyde plastics with wood dour. 

The word calcium is derived from calx, the Latin word for lime. The Romans used large quantities of calcium oxide or lime as mortar in constmction (see Lime and limestone). Because calcium compounds are very stable, elemental calcium was not produced until 1808 when a mercury amalgam resulted from electrolysis of calcium chloride in the presence of a mercury cathode. However, attempts to isolate the pure metal by distilling the mercury were only marginally successful. 

Mortar, a mixture of lime, sand, and water, has been used in construction for thousands of years. The Appian Way, many early Roman and Greek buildings, and the Great Wall of China were constructed using mortar containing lime. In the Western Hemisphere, the Incas and Mayans used lime in mortar. The composition of mortar can vary rather widely, but the usual composition is about one-fourth lime, three-fourths sand, and a small amount of water to make the mixture into a paste. Essential ingredients are a solid such as sand and lime that is converted to Ca(OH)2 by reaction with water. 

Lime is one of the oldest materials known to humankind. It was used by Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians for the production of cement and was employed in agriculture as well. One of the first things done by American settlers was to set up a lime kiln for the calcining or heating of limestone. 

Nonhydraulic cements were among the most common of the ancient cements. The relatively high solubilities of portlandite (Ca[OH]2) and gypsum means that they deteriorate rapidly in moist or wet environments. Many decades ago, the Romans used lime-based cements and mortars (cement plus sand) by ramming the wet pastes... 

Lime kilns are frequently associated with cement-making.7 The lime-sand cements in use since Roman times gain mechanical strength from the slow reaction of Ca(OH)2 with CO2 of the air to form interlocking crystals of CaCC>3. The sand acts primarily as a matrix around which this process occurs. 

Romans, theirknawiedge of manures, 640 rules for the application of, 553 sewage maxiure 569 eoils, tbflir absorbent power, 658. special men ares, 532. steamed bones, 563. superphosphate of lime, 563,564. theory of, 546. . ... 

From analyses of ancient Egyptian and Roman glass articles, it is shown that generally the glass from these sources was a soda-lime glass with rather high soda content as compared with modern soda-lime glass. 

The early Egyptians used a building material very similar to cement. Romans used a building material obtained by mixing lime and volcanic ash. They used it to pave roads and build other structures throughout Europe. 

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