Robustness characteristics

Design UF equipment has considerable variety of design, but the trend is toward more compact, energy efficient, and lower-cost designs. Much of the robustness characteristic of older designs is now available in less costly versions. 

Advanced characterization of the structure, properties and function of the self-assembled precursor can be extrapolated from studies on the more robust crosslinked material, especially in changing or challenging environments, in which the assemblies would not remain intact. The introduction of crosslinks has aided in the maintenance of native conformations as a powerful technique during studies to determine the order and structure of biological assemblies [61, 62], Moreover, the robust characteristics that the crosslinks provide, combined with the ability to define their regioselectivity, are expected to expand the realm of possible applications for nanoscale materials. 

Carvalho, P. (2011). Robust characteristic points for ICG Definition and comparative analysis. 

Dispersion Characteristics The chief characteristics of gas-in-liquid dispersions, like those of hquid-in-gas suspensions, are heterogeneity and instabihty. The composition and structure of an unstable dispersion must be obsei ved in the dynamic situation by looking at the mixture, with or without the aid of optical devices, or by photographing it, preferably in nominal steady state photographs usually are required for quantitative treatment. Stable foams may be examined after the fact of their creation if they are sufficiently robust or if an immobilizing technique such as freezing is employed [Chang et al., Ind. Eng Chem., 48, 2035 (1956)]. 

Robust design creates performance characteristics that are very insensitive to variations in the manufacturing process, and other variations related to the environment and time (Lewis, 1996 Sanchez, 1993). 

Even so, artificial neural networks exhibit many brainlike characteristics. For example, during training, neural networks may construct an internal mapping/ model of an external system. Thus, they are assumed to make sense of the problems that they are presented. As with any construction of a robust internal model, the external system presented to the network must contain meaningful information. In general the following anthropomorphic perspectives can be maintained while preparing the data ... 

Fiber laser guide star systems. It is now widely appreciated that the heat- dissipation characteristics of fibers, coupled with the high efficiencies demonstrated (> 80%) and excellent spatial mode characteristics, make fiber lasers a preferred candidate for many high power applications. Based on these features, fiber laser technologies would provide a compact, efficient, robust, turnkey laser source, ideally suited for LGS applications. 

The most useful characteristic of the median is the small influence exerted on it by extreme values, that is, its robust nature. The median can thus serve as a check on the calculated mean. 

The perceived sensitivity of plant cells to the hydrodynamic stress associated with aeration and agitation conditions is typically attributed to the physical characteristics of the suspended cells, namely their size, the presence of a cell wall, the existence of a large vacuole, and their tendency to aggregate. Table 1 illustrates some of the differences between plant cells and other biological systems. Chalmers [19] attributed shear sensitivity in mammalian cultures at least in part to the fact that these cells occur naturally as part of a tissue, surrounded by other cells. The same is true for plant cells. The more robust microbial systems, on the other hand, exist in nature as single organisms or mycelial structures, very close to the forms they assume in submerged culture. 

A man of moderate stature, Hamao Umezawa was, until the time of his sickness, of robust appearance and engaging personality. He spoke English rapidly and with ease, with a characteristic inflection that demanded acute concentration by the listener. 

Abstract The unique and readily tunable electronic and spatial characteristics of ferrocenes have been widely exploited in the field of asymmetric catalysis. The ferrocene moiety is not just an innocent steric element to create a three-dimensional chiral catalyst enviromnent. Instead, the Fe center can influence the catalytic process by electronic interaction with the catalytic site, if the latter is directly coimected to the sandwich core. Of increasing importance are also half sandwich complexes in which Fe is acting as a mild Lewis acid. Like ferrocene, half sandwich complexes are often relatively robust and readily accessible. This chapter highlights recent applications of ferrocene and half sandwich complexes in which the Fe center is essential for catalytic applications. 

Membrane Types Key membrane properties include their size rating, selectivity, permeability, mechanical robustness (to allow module fabrication and withstand operating conditions), chemical robustness (to fabrication materials, process fluids, cleaners, and sanitizers), low extractibles, low fouling characteristics, high capacity, low cost, and consistency. 

Confirmatory methods must be sufficiently robust to accurately verity the structure of the analyte. For the US FDA, the validation procedure for confirmatory methods is currently defined by Sphon. Validation criteria include reproducible chromatographic separation, ions chosen to be characteristic of the molecule. 

Robust and resistant isochrons can have very different characteristics than traditional least-squares or error-weighted least squares regressions. Some methods ignore analytical errors entirely, others infer them from the observed scatter of the data, and still others make use of analytical errors only to the extent that they are validated by their observed scatter. 

In order to improve the convergence characteristics and robustness of the Gauss-Newton method, Levenberg in 1944 and later Marquardt (1963) proposed to modify the normal equations by adding a small positive number, y2, to the diagonal elements of A. Namely, at each iteration the increment in the parameter vector is obtained by solving the following equation... 

In the previous section, the adaptation of the RIS model was based on the distance between next-nearest neighbor beads. This approach is obviously inadequate for CH3-CHX-CH2-CHX-CH3, because it necessarily abandons the ability to attribute different conformational characteristics to the meso and racemo stereoisomers. Therefore a more robust adaption of the RIS model to the 2nnd lattice is necessary if one wants to investigate the influence of stereochemical composition and stereochemical sequence on vinyl polymers [156]. Here we describe a method that has this capability. Of course, this method retains the ability to treat chains such as PE in which the bonds are subject to symmetric torsion potential energy functions. 

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