RNA AND TRANSCRIPTION

On the other hand, extrinsic stimuh are often delivered by viruses and bacteria. Bacterial products like lipopolysac-charide (LPS) and DNA with motifs of unmethylated CpG cUnucleotides are extremely potent inducers of neuroinflammation. AdcUtionally, viruses themselves, or their products like retroviral coat protein gp4l and gpl20, double stranded RNA, and transcription factors hke Tat, also induce inflammatory responses in brain cells. 

RNAs, and transcription was suppressed as a result of these homologous viral RNAs entering the nucleus and inducing TGS [33,... 

Nucleic acid sequence databases typically contain sequence data, which includes information at the level of the gene structures, introns and exons (for eukaryotics), cDNA (complementary DNA), RNA and transcription regulations. The important nucleic acid sequence data repositories as the primary resources known as International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) are ... 

Genes are DNA and carry the inheritable characteristics of an organism and these characteristics are normally expressed at the molecular level via protein synthesis Gene expression consists of two stages transcription and translation, both of which involve RNAs Sections 28 11 and 28 12 describe these RNAs and their roles m transcription and translation... 

If an antibody to the protein of interest is available, it is sometimes possible to use vector sequences, eg, the beta-galactosidase promoter sequence, to direct the transcription of the passenger DNA into messenger RNA and the translation of that mRNA into protein which can be recognized by the antibody. Although this method is somewhat less reHable than the use of nucleic acid probes, specialized vectors are available for this purpose. 

The gene promoter is a nucleotide sequence in DNA near the start of a gene, consisting of regulatory elements to which transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind. This leads to activation of the gene promoter and transcription of the corresponding gene. 

Gyrase is another term for bacterial topoisomerase II. The enzyme consists of two A and two B subunits and is responsible for the negative supercoiling of the bacterial DNA. Negative supercoiling makes the bacterial DNA more compact and also more readily accessible to enzymes that cause duplication and transcription of the DNA to RNA. 

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