River networks

Fig. 3 The hydrological alteration of the river network of the Upper Rhone catchment in Switzerland that drains into Lake Geneva (data Swiss Federal Hydrological Office)...

More generally, changing flow alters the relative proportion of input, storage, transfer, and transformation processes for organic matter and nutrients. Hence, the relative extent and the dynamics of the temporary channels within a catchment may control the capacity of a river network to produce, transform, and store nutrients and organic matter. 

Meyer JL, Strayer DL, Wallace JB, Eggert SL, Helfman GS, Leonard NE (2007) The contribution of headwater streams to biodiversity in river networks. J Am Water Resour Assoc 43 86-103... 

Ensign SH, Doyle MW (2006) Nutrient spiraling in streams and river networks. J Geophys Res 111 G04009. doi 10.1029/2005JG000114... 

Wollheim WM, Peterson BJ, Thomas SM, Hopkinson CH, Vorosmarty CJ (2008) Dynamics of N removal over aimual time periods in a suburban river network. J Geophys Res 113 G03038. doi 10.1029/2007JG000660... 

Navas A (1991) The pattern of gypsum transport in the Ebro River network. Catena 18 45-49... 

In addition to this, it has been found that the impact of flow regulation and water withdrawal in river basins is the most evident at mouths as terminate elements of river networks. 

Seitzinger et al. (2002) estimate that, of the Nr that enters the stream/river systems that drain 16 large watersheds in the eastern US, 30-70% can be removed within the stream/river network, primarily by denitrification. In an independent analysis on the same watersheds, van Breemen et al. (2002) estimated by difference that the lower end of the Seitzinger et al. (2002) range is the more likely estimate. For Nr that enters estuaries, 10-80% can be denitrified, depending primarily on the residence time and depth of water in the estuary (Seitzinger, 1988 Nixon et al., 1996). 

US Colonization Invasions Through Fractal River Networks... 

Great efforts have been undertaken to describe the intricate geometry of river networks [363]. In Chap. 6 we illustrated some models, such as the Peano network, which resembles fractal river basins. Another well-known structure that was proposed to describe better the evolution and formation of river basins and that agrees with most of the observations is the Optimal Channels Network (OCN) model, based on some optimization principles that minimize the energy expenditure by the net-... 

Rinaldo, A., Rodriguez-Iturbe, 1., Rigon, R., Ijjasz-Vasquez, E., Bras, R.L. Self-organized fractal river networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70(6), 822-825 (1993). http //link.aps.org/ abstract/PRL/v70/p822... 

KOEHN J D (2001) Ecological impacts of cold water releases on fish and ecosystem processes, in Phillips B (ed.). Thermal pollution of the Murray-Darling Basin waterways workshop held at Lake Hume 18-19 June 2001. Sydney Inland Rivers Network and World Wildlife Fund, 7-11. 

Bosshard, P. (2007). China s role in financing African infrastructures. Berkeley International Rivers Network. 

Brewer, N. (2008). The new Great Walls. A guide to China s overseas dam industry. Berkeley Intemational Rivers Network. 

International Rivers Network. (2008). Power surge The irrqracts of rapid dam development in Laos. Berkeley CA. 

Xuan, X. (2006,3 July). Yellow River Design Company examines intermediate results of study on western route s impact on aquatic biology. Yellow River Network. Retrieved May 4,2009, from http //www.yeUowriver.gov.cn/kance/dongtai/200612/t20061219 6919.htm. (in Chinese). 

International Rivers Network. (2003). Human rights dammed off at Three Gorges. Berkley, Cafifomia. 

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