Risks faced

An added ten-fold safety factor shall be added in setting pesticide reference doses (RfDs) (i.e. acceptable daily intakes) to account for the unique risks faced by infants and children, unless the EPA administrator has solid data supporting a determination that existing RfDs are fully health protective, even for infants and that exposures are fully and accurately characterized and... 

Less is known of the risks faced by males exposed to DES during fetal development. Animal studies have revealed that male rodents exposed to DES have increased incidence of prostatic metaplasia. Epidemiological studies of DES sons have suggested increased risk of various testicular abnormalities including epididymal cysts, testicular varicoceles, and undescended testis. Hyperplasia and metaplasia of the prostatic ducts in DES sons also have been reported. 

Risk identification The first step is to recognize uncertainties and risks faced by the SC. With globalization and increased outsourcing practices, the number of parties involved in the SC and the links connecting them have increased significantly. Hence, some risks may not be obvious and it is important to have a structured method for risk identification, as presented in Section 2.1. 

Septicaemia was a risk faced by mothers during childbirth and could lead to death. Ear infections were common especially in children and could lead to deafness. Pneumonia was a frequent cause of death in hospital wards. Tuberculosis was a major problem, requiring special isolation hospitals built away from populated centres. A simple cut or a wound could lead to severe infection requiring the amputation of a limb, while the threat of peritonitis lowered the success rates of surgical operations. 

The inescapable conclusion is that safe and healthy workplaces are rationed in the same manner as any other desirable, scarce good. Those who by virtue of class, caste, or simple good luck are able to acquire safety do so they are also rewarded with jobs that are more interesting, skill-enhancing, and better paid. Danger and hardship are the lot of the poor and powerless. In this way, differences in the level of risk faced by workers correspond to the other differences in their life chances and thus compound them. 

A fundamental property is that an upward change in a bond s price results in a downward move in the yield and vice versa. This result makes sense because the bond s price is the present value of the expected future cash flows. As the required yield decreases, the present value of the bond s cash flows will increase. The price/yield relationship for an option-free bond is depicted in Exhibit 1.9. This inverse relationship embodies the major risk faced by investors in fixed-income securities—interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is the possibility that the value of a bond or bond portfolio will decline due to an adverse movement in interest rates. 

One of the main challenges for electricity distribution companies now and ahead is to manage the existing assets in the comprehensive and complex distribution system infrastructure. Maintenance and reinvestments are hence important parts of the asset management, as they are measures to control the risks faced by the distribution companies (Nordgard et al. 2008). 

Effectively, a risk assessment is a means whereby an employer can manage properly the risks faced by his employees and ensure that their health and safety is not put at risk while at work. 

The extent of the facilities depend on the risks faced, i.e. the higher the risk, the more extensive the facilities. 

Where any of these hazards are identified, action should be taken to eliminate or reduce to a minimum the risk faced by employees. If the hazard cannot be eliminated a risk assessment should be made to determine what safety measures should be taken. Those measures could include the provision of ... 

There is no way to absolutely eliminate the risks faced with terrorism. As with all forms of safety, the goal is to minimize exposure. Huge sums of funds can be spent in pursuit of this task however, one thwarted terrorist attempt may make this expenditure a worthwhile investment. 

OSH A has promulgated a regulation to minimize serious health risks faced by workers exposed to blood and other potentially infectious materials. Among the risks are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. 

Essential to any strategy is the need to provide those handling or using the substances with information about the substances and training in the techniques necessary to minimise the risks faced. Thus training and instruction should be given in ... 

A system of permits-to-work is required whenever the work to be carried out is sufficiently hazardous to require strict control of those doing it. This can occur when maintenance and other non-routine work is being carried out in a chemical plant or for any normal operation where the risks faced make clear and unequivocal instruction necessary for the safety of the operators. 

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