Riboflavin vitamin with niacin deficiency

The water-soluble vitamins comprise the B complex and vitamin C and function as enzyme cofactors. Fofic acid acts as a carrier of one-carbon units. Deficiency of a single vitamin of the B complex is rare, since poor diets are most often associated with multiple deficiency states. Nevertheless, specific syndromes are characteristic of deficiencies of individual vitamins, eg, beriberi (thiamin) cheilosis, glossitis, seborrhea (riboflavin) pellagra (niacin) peripheral neuritis (pyridoxine) megaloblastic anemia, methyhnalonic aciduria, and pernicious anemia (vitamin Bjj) and megaloblastic anemia (folic acid). Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy. 

Because flavin coenzymes are widely distributed in intermediary metabolism, the consequences of deficiency maybe widespread. Because riboflavin coenzymes are involved in the metabohsm of folic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin K, and niacin, deficiency will affect enzyme systems other than those requiring flavin coenzymes. With increasing riboflavin deficiency, tissue concentrations of FMN and FAD fall, as does flavokinase activity, thus further decreasing FMN concentrations. FMN concentrations are decreased proportionally more than FAD concentrations. Decreases in the activities of enzymes requiring FMN generally follow the fall in tissue concentrations, whereas the FAD-dependent enzymes are more variably affected. ... 

Animals also depend on plants for essential organic molecules that they are unable to make. We call some of these molecules vitamins. Several vitamins, including niacin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and biotin, are key players in catabolic and anabolic metabolism, and deficiencies in these vitamins have severe effects. Also, animals are incapable of synthesizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (fatty acids with more than one double bond). Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential components of membrane lipids and must be obtained in the diet. So, the next time you have a salad, pay a tribute to photosynthesis. 

In terms of amino acids bacterial protein is similar to fish protein. The yeast s protein is almost identical to soya protein fungal protein is lower than yeast protein. In addition, SCP is deficient in amino acids with a sulphur bridge, such as cystine, cysteine and methionine. SCP as a food may require supplements of cysteine and methionine whereas they have high levels of lysine vitamins and other amino acids. The vitamins of microorganisms are primarily of the B type. Vitamin B12 occurs mostly hi bacteria, whereas algae are usually rich in vitamin A. The most common vitamins in SCP are thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, inositol, biotin, B12 and P-aminobenzoic acid. Table 14.4 shows the essential amino acid analysis of SCP compared with several sources of protein. 

VITAMIN B2 (Riboflavin). Some earlier designations for this substance included vitamin G, lactoflavin, hepatoflavin, ovoflavin, veidoflavin. The chemical name is 6,7-dimcthyl-9-d-l ribityl isolloxazine. Riboflavin is a complex pigment with a green fluorescence. Riboflavin deficiency frequently accompanies pellagra and the typical lesions of both nicotinic acid and riboflavin deficiency are found in that disease. See also Niacin. 

Other B vitamins effected are Niacin (nicotinic acid), pantothenic acid, B 2 (cobalamin) and B2 (Riboflavin). Niacin in massive doses is used in the treatment of schizophrenia. A deficiency of this vitamin (also known as B can result in many of the same neurological problems asB0. Pantothenic acid in conjunction with other vitamins aids in many enzymic duties. Deficiencies in Bio lead to easy fatigue, and a thousand other related problems. The last, riboflavin, is affected quite differently. Ethanol seems to cause the body to hoard tfiis vitamin the exchange hardly seems fair, though. 

Besides these studies with individual vitamins, there are studies with rats that had received none of the vitamins of the B group (Morgan and Yudkin, 1957). With 20% sorbitol in the diet, the animals grew well for the 13 weeks of the experiment. The diets were such that they would not produce deficiences of vitamin B12, biotin, or niacin however, we can conclude that sorbitol can spare simultaneously at least thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and folic acid. 

The enrichment of salt with iodine, the fortification of milk with vitamin D, and the start of the thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron, grain enrichment program in 1941, have played a significant role in the practical elimination of the following deficiency diseases simple goiter, rickets, beriberi, ariboflavi-nosis, pellagra and simple iron-deficiency anemia. The average American receives approximately 40% of his thiamin, 25% of his iron, 20% of his niacin and 15% of his riboflavin from enriched foods. 

Riboflavin or B2 functions as part of enzymes called flavoproteins (FMN and FAD) critically important in respiration and cell metabolism. It plays a major role with thiamin and niacin in oxidation-reduction reactions. The deficiency of this vitamin is characterized by photophobia, angular lip stomatitis, dermatitis, and swelling of the tongue. 

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