Rhythms social

Various rhythms and cycles in the physiological and pathological contexts can be examined. Specifically, circadian rhythms last about 24 h. Rhythms that are longer than 24 h are called infradian rhythms, such as the menstrual cycle [31, 32], Cycles that are shorter than 24 h are called ultradian rhythms, such as the firing rate of neurons and the rhythm of heartbeats. Currently in biomedicine, the circadian rhythm is the one that has been studied the most extensively [32], More studies on other patterns are still needed. In addition to biological and environmental rhythms, social rhythms and cycles such as school years, as well as the frequencies of biological, environmental, and social events should also be considered. 

Studies by Smith et al. (1982), Folkard et al. (1979), and Colquhoim et al. (1969), have investigated the disruption of circadian rhythms caused by having to be awake and work at imusual hours and by having to sleep during daytime. With respect to the sociological effects, studies by Kasl (1974) and Kahn (1974) concluded that fixed afternoon and night shifts lead to lower levels of social satisfaction because it becomes difficult to participate in family activities. 

Monk, T. H., Embrey, D. E. (1981). A Field Study of Circadian Rhythms in Actual and Interpolated Task Performance. In A. Reinberg, N. Vieux, P. Andlauer (Eds.), Night and Shift Work Biological and Social Aspects. Oxford, UK Pergamon Press. 

Although many workers believe that light is the major controller of these rhythms, it has been shown that social cue, rather than the absence of light, is the inducing factor. Subjects maintained in the dark demon-... 

A8. Aschoff, J., Fatransky, M., Giedk, H., Doerr, P., Stamm, D., and Wisser, H., Human circadian rhythms in continuous darkness Entertainment by social cues. Science 171, 213-215 (1971). 

Melatonin is an indole-derived anterior pituitary hormone that causes downstream inhibition of a-MSH-induced melanogenesis. Melatonin is antiamnesic, synchronizes circadian and circannual rhythms and is metabolized to 5-methoxytryptamine. Melatonin acts via GPCRs MT1 and MT2 (which both couple through Gai and cAMP decrease). MT1 may also couple via Gao and Gaq to activate PLC (and hence increase cytosolic Ca2+) and via G Gy activation of PLA2. Melatonin can further interact with nuclear receptor superfamily orphan retinoid receptors RZR/ROR. Melatonin fluctuates with a circadian rhythm and is elevated in blood during the night. Melatonin is accordingly of social importance in relation to shift work and jet-lag. Melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine occur in some plants (Table 5.8). 

Psychotherapy is not only possible but can be very productive with the bipolar patient. Miklowitz (1996), in addressing combined psyAotherapy and medication treatment for bipolar disorder, offers a comprehensive and detailed description of two approaches, family psychoeducation and individual therapy. The latter incorporates elements of interpersonal therapy for affective disorders with strategies to stabilize social rhythms. However, the therapist must be skilled at identifying symptoms of hypomania, mania, and depression, and the necessity for medication adjustment referrals. The therapist can be tested especially by the effects of medication noncompliance, when symptoms return and judgment and insight diminish. 

Folkard, S. and Hill, J. (2002). Shiftwork Body rhythm and social factors. In I. P. Warr (ed) Psychology at Work (5th edn). Harmondsworth, UK Penguin Books. 

Zerubavel, E. 1981. Hidden Rhythms Schedules and Calendars in Social Life. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 

FIGURE 9.1 Circadian rhythm as measured by body temperature. (Data from Monk, T.H. and Embrey, D.E., in Night and Shiftwork Biological and Social Aspects, A. Reinberg, Ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., 1981, pp. 473-480. With permission.)... 

So, what we arrive at is a large collection of potentially adverse consequences of shiftwork affecting circadian rhythms and sleep, social interactions, and health and well-being, combined with a set of counterbalancing factors, such as individual differences, design of the shiftwork routine, and so on. 

Social interaction contains observable aspects of conversational dominance, interruption, length of turns, turn taking, interruption, overlapping of speech, the rhythm and flow of conversation, etc. These aspects can be detected by reviewing or recording interaction, but are difficult to utilize as cues during a conversation. With the Conversation Clock, we use these aspects to visually augment collocated conversation with new conversational cues. 

The second target group consists of intimate socials (or social intimates) of the senior adults, such as sons and/or daughters (Neustaedter et al. [16]). This group consists of people in the age of 45 to 60 years old who have a close personal relationship with their parents, but live a certain distance away from them (e.g. at a different city), and mostly have a different life rhythm than their parents. 

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