Rhodium complexes alkene

Indenyl-fluorenyl systems, propylene polymerization, 4, 1068 Indenylidenes, in ROMP initiation, 11, 633 7]5-Indenyl ligand, in molybdenocene dihalides, 5, 573 Indenyl ligands, in cobalt(III) complexes, 7, 20 7]5-Indenyl ligands, in rhodium alkene complexes, 7, 197 2-(Indenyl)—phenoxo complexes, with mono-Cp Ti(IV),... 

The mechanism of asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroaminoacids has been studied by a combination of kinetic and spectroscopic methods, mainly by Halpern et al. [38] and Brown et al. [39]. It was proved that the substrate bound by both the double bond and the amide group. It was surprising to see that the major diastereomeric rhodium-alkene complex detected in solution was the less reactive one towards hydrogen. This showed the inaccuracy of previous models of the lock and key type between the prochiral double bond and the chiral... 

Dubbaka and Vogel reported on rhodium-catalysed Mizoroki-Heck-type reactious employing arenesulfonyl chlorides as inexpensive electrophiles. Thereby, styrene derivatives were arylated under base-free conditions. Again, rhodium-alkene complex 89 was found to be significantly more active than phosphine-derived rhodium species (Scheme 10.32) [60],... 

The X-ray crystal structure of [Rh( n -CsH4Ph)( n -C2H4)2] has been reported and the conformation discussed in terms of CNDO-MO calculations. A series of rhodium-alkene complexes ctnitaining the potentially bidentate phosphine ligands [Pr P(CH2)nX] (n >2,3, X > NMe2 n>2, X > OMe) have been synthesised and characterised. Reaction of [RhCl(ri -... 

Thus, the relative reactivity is ptrallel to the order of rhodium/alkene complex stability and the insertion rate whidi can be estimated by the LUMO oiersy level of alkenes. Howeva, the additions to trisubstituted unsaturated ketones and esters are significantly slow. The rhodium oanplexes catalyze a similar reaction of 1-alkenylboronic acids, but all attempts at the addition of alkylboronic acids or trialkylboranes having a P-hydrogen are unsuccessful. 

The compound Rh(acac)(coe)2 is long known, but a new synthetic protocol from [Rhl/t-ClXcoelzlz with Na(acac) (without the use of a thallium salt) was reported and the crystal structure of the compound was determined by X-ray diffraction studies. The thermal reaction of Rh(acac)(CO)2 with alkenes was studied and a series of rhodium alkene complexes, Rh(acac)(CO)(alkene) (alkene = ethylene, 1-propene, 1-octene), were characterized. The catalytic... 

Hydroaminomethylation of alkenes occurred to give both n- and /. so aliphatic amines catalyzed by [Rh(cod)Cl]2 and [Ir(cod)Cl]2 with TPPTS in aqueous NH3 with CO/H2 in an autoclave. The ratio of n-and /.soprimary amines ranged from 96 4 to 84 16.178 The catalytic hydroaminomethylation of long-chain alkenes with dimethylamine can be catalyzed by a water-soluble rhodium-phosphine complex, RhCl(CO) (Tppts)2 [TPPTS P(m-C6H4S03Na)3], in an aqueous-organic two-phase system in the presence of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethy-lammonium bromide (CTAB) (Eq. 3.43). The addition of the cationic surfactant CTAB accelerated the reaction due to the micelle effect.179... 

The less bulky ligand (71) studied by Gladfelter leads to dimeric complexes [Rh2(71)2(CO)2] and even tetramers.222 Transformations of rhodium carbonyl complexes in alkene hydroformylation are discussed from the standpoint of the catalytic system self-control under the action of reaction... 

Thus far, rhodium(i) complexes are the most general, efficient, and selective catalysts, uniquely enabling [5 + 21-cycloadditions of tethered alkyne-VCPs, alkene-VCPs, and allene-VCPs. For example, when tethered alkene-VCP 7a (Equation (2)) is treated with [(cod)Rh(CioH8)]SbF6, the bicyclo[5.3.0]decene is produced in 96% yield. 

The synthesis of cationic rhodium complexes constitutes another important contribution of the late 1960s. The preparation of cationic complexes of formula [Rh(diene)(PR3)2]+ was reported by several laboratories in the period 1968-1970 [17, 18]. Osborn and coworkers made the important discovery that these complexes, when treated with molecular hydrogen, yield [RhH2(PR3)2(S)2]+ (S = sol-vent). These rhodium(III) complexes function as homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts under mild conditions for the reduction of alkenes, dienes, alkynes, and ketones [17, 19]. Related complexes with chiral diphosphines have been very important in modern enantioselective catalytic hydrogenations (see Section 1.1.6). 

In the hydrogenation of alkenes, rhodium-, ruthenium- and iridium-phosphine catalysts are typically used [2-4]. Rhodium-phosphine complexes, such as Wilkinson s catalyst, are effective for obtaining alkanes under atmospheric pres-... 

Whatever the route to a rhodium dihydride alkene complex, the hydrogen must be transferred sequentially to the double bond. It had always been assumed that the first C-H bond is formed / to the amido-group, so that the more stable Rh-substrate chelate is formed. This is the alkylhydride isomer observed in stoichiometric NMR studies at low temperatures, and is supported by studies under catalytic turnover conditions, assuming a normal isotope effect... 

Rhodium (I) complexes of chiral phosphines have been the archetypical catalysts for the hydrocarbonylation of 1-alkenes, with platinum complexes such as (61) making an impact also in the early 1990s[1461. More recently, rhodium(I)-chiral bisphosphites and phosphine phosphinites have been investigated. Quite remarkable results have been obtained with Rh(I)-BINAPHOS (62), with excellent ee s being obtained for aldehydes derived for a wide variety of substrates1 471. For example, hydroformylation of styrene gave a high yield of (R)-2-phenylpropanal (94% ee). The same catalyst system promoted the conversion of Z-but-2-ene into (5)-2-methylbutanal (82% ee). 

Figure 2 shows the generally accepted dissociative mechanism for rhodium hydroformylation as proposed by Wilkinson [2], a modification of Heck and Breslow s reaction mechanism for the cobalt-catalyzed reaction [3]. With this mechanism, the selectivity for the linear or branched product is determined in the alkene-insertion step, provided that this is irreversible. Therefore, the alkene complex can lead either to linear or to branched Rh-alkyl complexes, which, in the subsequent catalytic steps, generate linear and branched aldehydes, respectively. 

The oxidative addition can take place from the top of the molecule (as shown), but it can also take place from the bottom, giving another diastereomeric intermediate that probably does not undergo migration. The two oxidative additions require rotations in opposite directions of the substrate with respect to the rhodium phosphine complex. The rotation required also depends on the geometrical isomer of the rhodium complex to be formed (alkene/amide trans or cis to phosphine here we have chosen an amide cis to both phosphorus atoms). Both the major and the minor diastereomeric substrate complex require such a rotation upon oxidative addition. 

One last remark concerning the two catalysts we have discussed in more detail, cationic rhodium catalysts and the neutral chloride catalyst of Wilkinson. The difference of the catalytic system discussed above from that of the Wilkinson catalyst lies in the sequence of the oxidative addition and the alkene complexation. The hydrogenation of the cinnamic acid derivative involves a cationic catalyst that first forms the alkene complex the intermediate alkene (enamide) complex can be observed spectroscopically. 

There are a few exceptions amongst the cationic complexes that also undergo oxidative addition of dihydrogen prior to alkene complexation. Alkylphosphines, raising the electron density on the rhodium cation, have been shown to belong to these exceptions, which seems logical [16] electron-rich phosphine complexes can undergo oxidative addition of H2 before the alkene coordinates to the rhodium metal. 

In an attempt to rationalize the factors that control selectivity in the Rh- and Ir-catalyzed hydroboration reactions, Fernandez and Bo [35] carried out experimental and theoretical studies on the H—B addition of catecholborane to vinylarenes with [M(C0D)(R-QUINAP)]BF4, (QUINAP = l-(2-diphenylphosphino-l-naphthyl) isoquinoHne). A considerable difference was found in the stability of the isomers when the substrate was coordinated to the iridium(I) or rhodium(I) complexes. In particular, the difference between pro-R B1 and pro-S B2 isomers was not so great when the metal center was iridium and not rhodium (Figure 7.1), which explains the low ee-values observed experimentally when asymmetric iridium-catalyzed hydroboration was performed. Structurally, the energy analysis of the n2 and Tti interactions [36] seems to be responsible for the extra stabilization of the B2 isomer in the iridium intermediates (Figure 7.1). The coordination and insertion of alkenes, then, could be considered key steps in the enantiodifferentiation pathway. 

Rhodium(I) and ruthenium(II) complexes containing NHCs have been applied in hydrosilylation reactions with alkenes, alkynes, and ketones. Rhodium(I) complexes with imidazolidin-2-ylidene ligands such as [RhCl( j -cod)(NHC)], [RhCl(PPh3)2(NHC)], and [RhCl(CO)(PPh3)(NHC)] have been reported to lead to highly selective anti-Markovnikov addition of silanes to terminal olefins [Eq. 

For these systems, mixtures of [HRh(CO)3L] and [HRh(CO)2L2] were observed in the absence of alkene. On addition of 1-octene, rapid scan IR spectroscopy revealed partial conversion to a mixture of isomeric rhodium acyl complexes, confirmed by HP NMR. 

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