Reverse osmosis design reliability

Fermentation temperature and fermentor design can induce evaporative alcohol losses but these are relatively small. Based on current state of knowledge, choice of yeast and fermentation conditions constrain wine style and do not provide a reliable approach for achieving at least a one percent or greater loss of potential alcohol content of wine (Boulton et al. 1998 de Barros Lopes et al. 2003 Palacios et al. 2007). Several physical techniques, such as spinning-cone and reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration can be used to remove sufficient sugar or alcohol for the production of reduced or low alcohol products (Ferrarini et al. 2008 Grosser 2008). 

Reverse osmosis Reliability Selectivity Cost Increment improvements in membrane and process design will gradually reduce costs... 

Dow Chemical Company, "FilmTec Reverse Osmosis Technical Manual," Dow Liquid Separations, form no. 609-00071-0705, 2007. Wood, Jonathan, and Joseph Gifford, "Deionization Process and System Design Needs for Reliable Operation of RO/CEDI Systems," UltmPure Water, March, 2009. 

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