Retrofit planning

Jackson J.R. and Grossmann l.E. 2002. High level optimization model for the retrofit planning of process networks, I EC Res., 41, 3762-3770. 

What to make of LeMessurier s behavior with respect to FERE3 is a more complex question. He did reveal the risk he had been led to recognize to top Citicorp executives, and he and representatives of the owner did inform New York City safety authorities about the existence and magnitude of the risk and about his retrofitting plan. This is all ethically responsible, indeed laudable, as far as it went. However, looking more closely at what transpired, Citicorp... 

The Directive applies to new plant (defined as that planned after 1 July 1987) with provision for retrofitting existing plant. Limits for new plant are ... 

There are several initiatives for the development and demonstration of CCS worldwide. For instance, the European Union has an ambition to deploy 10-12 full-scale CCS demonstration projects within Europe by 2015, testing various ways of integrating CCS in coal and gas-fired power generation it also aims for CCS to be commercially viable for all new fossil fuel power plants by 2020, with existing plants progressively retrofitted (EC, 2007). Other pilot and demonstration plants are planned in the United States, Australia and China.5... 

There has been quite a large stream of research concerned with capacity expansions and retrofit problems in the chemical and operations research literature. In this section, however, we will concentrate on expansion and strategic multisite planning studies. Single site short-term and mid-term planning and scheduling studies are beyond the scope of this book and the interested reader is referred to the work by Bodington and Baker (1990), Pinto, Joly and Moro (2000), and Kallrath (2005). 

The nonlinear nature of these mixed-integer optimization problems may arise from (i) nonlinear relations in the integer domain exclusively (e.g., products of binary variables in the quadratic assignment model), (ii) nonlinear relations in the continuous domain only (e.g., complex nonlinear input-output model in a distillation column or reactor unit), (iii) nonlinear relations in the joint integer-continuous domain (e.g., products of continuous and binary variables in the schedul-ing/planning of batch processes, and retrofit of heat recovery systems). In this chapter, we will focus on nonlinearities due to relations (ii) and (iii). An excellent book that studies mixed-integer linear optimization, and nonlinear integer relationships in combinatorial optimization is the one by Nemhauser and Wolsey (1988). 

Retrofit analysis Debottlenecking Batch processes planning and scheduling Data reconciliation Fault diagnosis Real time optimisation Fleat and mass and momentum Modeling... 

They may notice anomalies while the project is still in the planning stage, therefore saving on costly retrofitting. 

When construction (or retrofitting) begins, ensure throughout that, the most up-to-date building plan is used, that all building modifications and plans are properly documented, and that the building is well constructed and maintained at all times. 

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