Retard chamber

The first surveillance necessary on all manufacturing facilities is sprinkler water flow. The simplest of all water flow alarms is the local alarm. This is historically been the water motor gong. The water motor gong operates by an orifice inset into an alarm check valve. When the alarm check valve opens, water enters the piping to the water motor gong. There is a retard chamber between the alarm check valve and the water turbine used to ring the gong. The retard chamber works on the principle of a leaky pail. 

As long as water is entering the retard chamber slowly by movement of the alarm check valve, the retard chamber will not fully fill up and operate the turbine. It has a small orifice to allow minor amounts of water... 

Another t) e waterflow alarm is the electric bell at the riser. This would be initiated by a vane type water flow alarm in the riser or a pressure switch on the retard chamber. The vane alarm can be electrically dampered and the pressure switch will utilize a retard chamber on a alarm check valve to dampen surges. The electric bell is less desirable than the water motor gong since it requires electricity where the water motor gong is self-energized. 

The apparatuses used for the studies of both ammonia synthesis emd hydrodesulfurization were almost identical, consisting of a UHV chamber pumped by both ion and oil diffusion pumps to base pressures of 1 x10 " Torr. Each chamber was equipped with Low Energy Electron Diffraction optics used to determine the orientation of the surfaces and to ascertain that the surfaces were indeed well-ordered. The LEED optics doubled as retarding field analyzers used for Auger Electron Spectroscopy. In addition, each chamber was equipped with a UTI 100C quadrupole mass spectrometer used for analysis of background gases and for Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy studies. 

Ricketts, R.W., Gota, A.B., Ellis, C.R., Singh, Y.N., Chamber, S., Singh, N.N., and Cooke, J.C. (1994) Clinical effects of buspirone on intractable self-injury in adults with mental retardation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33 270-276. 

Fogging This test is a special case of test chamber examination-SVOCs such as plasticizers and flame retardants are precipitated inside the chamber on a cooled surface. The method had initially been developed for examining automotive parts in order to determine the portion of fogging-active substances. It can also be used for examining other products used indoors. The fogging value (in Xg), usually determined over a 14-day period, is a characteristic for the SVOC quantity which can be expected to condense on cold indoor surfaces. The fogging method is based on a convention. If results are to be compared, the studies must be carried out in an identical manner (Uhde et al., 2001 Wensing, Uhde and Salthammer, 2005). 

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