Retailer, promotions

Customers These are people who shop primarily at the supetmar-kets. Their purchase quantities are influenced by store promotions, with the extent of impact of pricing depending on the mix of customers shopping at a store. Typically retail promotions may be accompanied by increased purchases as customers stockpile product to gain a low average price over time. The extent of this promotion activity is dictated by store customer characteristics. 

Another approach to coordination is scanner-based promotions. Under this approach, the manufacturer announces special discounts for all units sold at the retailer during specific periods. Iyer and Ye [50] smdy manufacturer costs with and without scanner-based promotions. They show that scanner-based promotions increase the predictability of retail sales for the manufacturer. This is because it becomes profitable for the retailer to schedule retail promotions at times when the manufacturer offers these deals. The associated lift in sales happens at predictable periods determined by the manufacturer, thus improving manufacturer forecasts and decreasing retail order forecast error. This retailer coordination permits manufacturer inventories to be better synchronized with projected retail sales, which decreases costs. 

Often the difficulty of forecasting demand during a retail promotion means that the retailer may order too much or too little. In addition, if the retail pricing information is not communicated to the manufacturer, then a forecasting rule that adjusts orders based on shipments will result in the manufacturer carrying high inventories between retail promotions. Sharing planned retail promotion information decreases these costs and thus improves supply chain profits. 

The retailer has to deal with various customer segments with different reactions to a promotion. Some customers may stockpile while others may not. The retailer can thus use a retail promotion to move product from retailer warehouse to the customer location depending on the customer... 

This is in contrast to the costs without this retail promotion ... 

Krishnan, H., R. Kapuscinski, and D.A. Butz, Coordinating Contracts For Decentralized Channels With Retailer Promotional Effort, Working Paper, University of Michigan, 2001. 

Spedficalions regarding pharmaceutical premises, personnel and procedures must be followed by pharmaceutical manufacturers, distributors and retailers if they wish to obtain and retain their licence to operate. By means of these licences, dmg regulatory authorities control the activities of pharmaceutical manufacturers, importers and distributors and companies engaged in dmg promotion and advertising. 

Deals, deals, deals Come to our promotions section for the latest bargains offered to you exclusively from our retailers. 

Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) and Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) both are operations models in the consumer goods industry to ensure delivery capability and avoid stockouts based on an automated replenishment of outlets using product inventory, historic and/or planned sales information at the point-of-sales (POS). CPFR focuses on a close cooperation between retailer and manufacturer. ECR focus on the customer-facing reaction on customer responses in logistics, sales and promotions. 

The promotion of medicines to the general public for self medication is covered by the Code of Standards of Advertising Practice for Over-the-Counter Medicines of the Proprietary Association of Great Britain (PAGE). The PAGE also has a Code of Practice for Advertising Over-the-Counter Medicines to Health Professionals and the Retail Trade. 

Finally, while total promotion expenditures over all types of promotional efforts approximately doubled between 1996 and 2001 (Table 9.1), so too did revenues, and thus total promotional intensity remained relatively constant. The total promotion-to-sales dollar ratio has hovered between 14% and 16% between 1996 and 2002, but it appears to have increased tol7.1% in 2003. This most recent increase may reflect the rising relative importance of free samples provided physicians, which in large part (Table 9.1), as noted above, are evaluated at their full retail prices rather than at marginal production costs. The apparent increases might also simply reflect the effects ofvarious measurement errors. 

Surfactants are used in a variety of applications, frequently in the form of dilute aqueous solutions. However, it is not cost effective to transport, store, and display in retail outlets surfactant products such as household detergents in this form. Accordingly, it is important to have products that dissolve quickly and to understand what aspects of surfactant composition and structure promote rapid dissolution. The dissolution process is more complex for surfactants than for most other materials because it typically involves formation of one or more concentrated and highly viscous liquid crystalline phases, which are not present initially and which could potentially hinder dissolution. In this article the rates and mechanisms of surfactant dissolution are reviewed and discussed. 

Halpin, D. and Brueckner, M. 2004. The retail pricing, labelling and promotion of organic food in Australia. In DAFF. The Australian Organic Industry A Profile. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), Canberra, pp. 64-93. 

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