Respiratory systems, rapid functional

Contemporary anesthetic management requires (1) rapid loss of consciousness, which eliminates awareness, memory of pain, anxiety, and stress throughout the surgical period (2) a level of analgesia sufficient to abohsh the reflex reactions to pain, such as muscular movement and cardiovascular stimulation (3) minimal and reversible influence on vital physiological functions, such as those performed by the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (4) relaxation of skeletal muscle to facilitate endotracheal intubation, provide the surgeon ready access to the operative field, and reduce the dose of anesthetic required to produce immobihty (5) lack of... 

Severe metabolic acidosis is usually associated with acute processes. The manifestations of severe acidemia (pH <7.15 to 7.20) involve the cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems. Hyperventilation is often the first sign of metabolic acidosis. At a pH of 7.2, pulmonary ventilation increases about fourfold and an eightfold increase has been noted at a pH of 7. Respiratory compensation may occur as Kussmaul s respirations—the deep, rapid respirations seen commonly in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. In extremely severe acidosis (pH <6.8), central nervous system (CNS) function is disrupted to such a degree that the respiratory center is depressed. 

Determination of Rapid Functional Transitions of Respiratory Systems... 

For the treatment of lung surfactant deficiency in premature human infants suffering from respiratory distress syndrome, limited clinical trials were performed showing that liposomes in the lung-instilled intratracheally either as an aerosolized mist (Ivey et al., 1977) or as a suspension via an endotracheal tube (Fujiwara et al., 1980)—rapidly improved lung function. No adverse effects were observed as a result of the supplementation with surfactant-like material. It appears, therefore, that liposomes are a suitable system for the delivery of major phospholipid components of endogenous lung surfactant. 

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