Resonant X-ray diffraction

The book includes several chapters on vapor and trace detection chemiluminescence, mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, electrochemical methods, and micro mechanical sensors, such as microcantilevers. Other chapters deal with bulk detection techniques neutron techniques, nuclear quadrupole resonance, X-ray diffraction imaging, millimeter-wave imaging, terahertz imaging, and laser techniques. Special chapters are devoted to personnel portals and to biological detection. 

The usefulness of X-ray absorption spectroscopies in zeolite research, i.e. extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), as well as electron energy loss spectroscopy and resonant X-ray diffraction is demonstrated by P. Behrens (Chapter 5) and illustrated by a niunber of interesting examples, e.g., the EXAFS of manganese-exchanged A- and Y-type zeoHtes and guest-containing molecular sieves, or the XANES of oxidation states of non-framework species. 

Keywords Reinforced concrete, polymer coating, hydration, nuclear magnetic resonance. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. 

Through the development of instrumental techniques such as infrared, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance. X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, and other methods, the organization of the individual atoms along the chain has gradually become clear. In many cases two or more isomeric forms may be simultaneously present. The configurational properties of a polymer determine if it is crystallizable and, if so, its melting temperature. 

The need to make modifications to these models comes out of the result of resonance X-ray diffraction experiments. In the first report, the SmCFi2 phase was concluded to be a four-layer structure and the SmCpn phase a three-layer structure [65]. This conclusion was similar to ours, but unlike our Ising model, the authors interpreted the data as a XY clock model [65]. However, characteristics such as the optical rotation cannot be explained by this, and we have proposed a deformed Ising model shown in Fig. 9.8 which fuses the XY and Ising models [66]. Further resonant X-ray diffraction experiments and optical analysis led to the current deformed clock model [67], which was equivalent to our deformed Ising model [68]. 

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