Resonance assignment heteronuclear experiments

Traditionally, homonuclear 2D double quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy (DQF-COSY) and total correlated spectroscopy (TOCSY) spectra are valuable in the identification of resonances of individual monosaccharide units. In the presence of small couplings, through space connectivities detected by NOESY/ROESY (nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy/ rotational nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) experiments are also useful in completing the resonance assignment. When the H NMR spectra of complex oligosaccharides are too crowded to fully elucidate the structure by homonuclear correlation methods, it is efficient to use 2D heteronuclear correlation methods, such as heteronuclear single quantum correlation... 

Figure 13(b) shows a JH—15N HSQC spectrum acquired from 0.5 mmol l-1 sample of a 41-residue peptide toxin from the spider Agelena orientalis. The toxin was produced recombinantly and uniformly labeled with 15N. This HSQC spectrum was collected in 30 min, compared with the 12 h required to acquire a natural abundance spectrum from an unlabeled sample of equivalent concentration (see Figure 11). The HSQC, together with the related heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC)54 experiment, forms the cornerstone of a wide range of 2D, 3D, and 4D experiments that are designed to facilitate sequence-specific resonance assignment and determination of protein structure. Note that the HSQC technique is the technique of choice for correlation of H and 15N shifts due to generally narrower linewidths in the 15N dimension.55,56 Furthermore, because these and most of the other heteronuclear experiments described below are designed to observe amide protons, the sample must be in H20 (rather than D20). Consequently, a means of suppressing the H20 resonance is required (for details see Section 9.09.2.6).

Time reduction in homonuclear spectra using Hadamard spectroscopy Time reduction in heteronuclear spectra using Hadamard spectroscopy GFT NMR experiments for resonance assignments... 

Cross polarization can also be used for magnetization transfer between low-gamma nuclei like and as a mixing sequence in a multidimensional NMR experiment. Due to the substantial shift separation of about 120 ppm between carbonyl and Ca carbon atoms in proteins, the CP transfer can be tailored specifically to NCa- or NCO-transfer (SPECIFIC-CP) [81]. In protein NMR spectroscopy such a heteronuclear correlation experiment may be incorporated into multidimensional experiments and thus be used to residue-specific resonance assignment in NMR spectroscopy of immobilized peptides or proteins [82]. 

Figure 6.12 A 3D heteronuclear HMQC-NOESY spectrum of a tripeptide. The (o,-axis represents N chemical shifts, whereas <1)2- and (Uj-axes exhibit proton chemical shifts. The assignment pathways are indicated in the top spectrum for reference purposes, not as part of the 3D experiment. (Reprinted from J. Mag. Reson. 78, S. W. Fesik and E. R. P. Zuiderweg,. 588, copyright (1988), with permission from Academic Press, Inc.)...

The earliest of the magnetization transfer experiments is the spin population inversion (SPI) experiment [27]. By selectively irradiating and inverting one of the 13C satellites of a proton resonance, the recorded proton spectrum is correspondingly perturbed and enhanced. Experiments of this type have been successfully utilized to solve complex structural assignments. They also form the basis for 2D-heteronuclear chemical shift correlation experiments that are discussed in more detail later in this chapter. 

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