Resolution defined

Scanning Auger Electron Spectroscopy (SAM) and SIMS (in microprobe or microscope modes). SAM is the most widespread technique, but generally is considered to be of lesser sensitivity than SIMS, at least for spatial resolutions (defined by primary beam diameter d) of approximately 0.1 im. However, with a field emission electron source, SAM can achieve sensitivities tanging from 0.3% at. to 3% at. for Pranging from 1000 A to 300 A, respectively, which is competitive with the best ion microprobes. Even with competitive sensitivity, though, SAM can be very problematic for insulators and electron-sensitive materials. 

The spectral resolution, defined as the width of the distribution of light pro-jeeted on the detector, is... 

The goal of the chromatographic process is the separation of one component of a mixture from another. The measurement of the degree of separation between two components is resolution, defined as the distance between the... 

Here, Rs is the resolution defined in Eq. (17). When the resolution between two components is unity, the components are almost completely resolved. In... 

Inkjet printing is a matrix printing method. Resolution defines the center-to-center dot spacing on substrate this spacing, together with the degree of dot overlap desired, governs the choice of dot diameter. 

There is a separate Council of Europe Resolution, APRes (2004), on silicone materials for food contact. The resolution defines the silicone product group being comprised of silicone rubbers, silicone liquids, silicone pastes and silicone resins. Blends of silicone rubber with organic polymers are covered by the resolution where the silicone monomer units are the predominant species by weight. Silicones that are used as food additives or processing aids (e.g. as defoamers in the manufacture of substances such as wine) are not covered by this resolution, but polysiloxanes used as emulsifiers are. The resolution gives an overall migration limit of 10 mg/dm of the surface area of the product or material, or 60 mg/kg of food. There are restrictions on the types of monomers that can be used to produce the silicone polymers and there is an inventory list Technical document No. 1 - List of substances used in the manufacture of silicone used for food contact applications . 

Resolution is also used to compare the theoretical (calculated or predicted) mass value to the experimentally observed value. Resolution defines the peak width, and a parts per million (ppm) error value can be calculated with Eq. 15.8 this allows estimation of the precision of an experimental mass assignment ... 

Probably, 200 kV TEMs with a point resolution of <0.15 nm will be available in the near future. FE is necessary for such next generation TEMs because such a low point resolution defined by the above equation cannot be attained with TE owing to its limited coherency of the electron wave. 

In this chapter we confront the following two critical questions How do we select the type of the feedback controller (i.e., P, PI, or PID), and how do we adjust the parameters of the selected controller (i.e., Kc, t/, To) in order to achieve an optimum response for the controlled process These two questions, as well as the methods that lead to their resolution, define the content of the present chapter. 

An important consideration in mass spectrometry is resolution, defined according to the relationship... 

Number of unpaired electrons probes ground state wave function at low resolution defines antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions between metal centers quantitates ground sublevel splittings on the order of kT... 

How are resolving power and resolution defined for a mass spectrometer ... 

Resolution defines the ability to separate one miz from another. 

The two parallel incident laser beams with a Gaussian intensity profile are focused by a lens with / = 5 cm in a BOX CARS arrangement into the sample. Estimate the spatial resolution, defined by the halfwidth Sa(z) of the CARS signal, when the beam diameter of each beam at the lens is 3 mm and their separation is 20 mm. 

The contrast, y, is related to the ability of a polymer to give vertical sidewalls. Resolution (defined as the smallest linewidth which can be achieved) depends on the contrast. The parameters are determined from the sensitivity curve of the resist, which expresses the normalised film thickness, e/eg (e is the thickness after development and irradiation, eg is the initial thickness of the resist), as a function of logjg (Dose) (Figures 6.4(a) and 6.4(b)). 

The purpose of chromatography is to separate different conpounds. Separation occurs because conpounds travel at different solute velocities. At the same time axial dispersion and mass transfer resistances spread the peaks. If two peak maxima are separated by more than the spreading of the two peaks then they are said to be resolved. As a measure of how well the peaks are separated, chromatographers use resolution, defined as (Giddings. 1965 Jonsson. 1987 Wankat. 19901. 

Mediation and Conflict Resolution Defined process for conflict resolution... 

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