Resistivity data collection

In order to investigate the friction properties of lubricant film in TFL, an apparatus with a floating device was developed by Shen et al. as shown in Fig. 17 [48]. The steel ball is fixed so that it does not roll in the experiment and a pure sliding has been kept. The measuring system of micro-friction force is composed of a straining force sensor with a resolution of 5 yu,N, a dynamic electric resistance strain gage, an AD data-collecting card, and a computer. 

Preparation of seedlings for treatments with extract-amended nutrient solution was similar to that described for testing the effects of phenolic acids, except 40 plants were used per treatment and no replacement of the nutrient solution was made during the treatment period. Data collection procedures were modified in that only ab-axial leaf resistance was obtained and water potential was determined from four plants each day. Prior work established that abaxial resistance provided an adequate indicator of stomatal effects. The data were analyzed as described in experiments with pCA and FA. 

Once the experiment has been conducted and data collected and analyzed, a conclusion can be drawn concerning the original hypothesis. The experiment does not establish absolute truth concerning the hypothesis. A researcher should resist the temptation to state that the hypothesis was proven or not proven. In science, absolute truth can never be established. Results of an experiment may either support or not support the hypothesis. Ambiguous results can cause the researcher to modify the hypothesis and redesign the experiment. Even when the results are not ambiguous, an experiment is often repeated. One of the benchmarks of science is reproducibility. When an experiment is conducted and certain conclusions reached, another researcher should be able to repeat the same experiment and obtain similar results. 

EXAMPLE 7.3 Suppression of Evaporation by Monolayers. The rate of evaporation is quantified by a parameter called the transport resistance r. For water with octadecanol monolayers at surface pressures of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mN m -1, ris about 1, 2, 3, and 4 s cm 1, respectively. This resistance drops off rapidly at lower pressures and approaches 2 10 3 s cm -1 for pure water. By considering the rate of water uptake as a diffusion problem, suggest how these r values are calculated from data collected in an experiment like that described above. Use the fact that Mr is dimensionally equivalent to the diffusion coefficient D divided by a length. 

Data in our tables are not entirely in agreement with those reported by Heap (2006) for triazine-resistant and ALS-resistant weeds due to variations in data collection techniques. Also, some triazine-resistant biotypes, mostly within... 

In this expression, bd and bc refer to the appropriate anodic and cathodic Tafel constants. Comparison of weight loss data collected as a function of exposure time determined from R , Rf from EIS, and gravimetric measurements of mild steel exposure to 0.5 M H2S04 are often within a factor of two. This suggests that use of Rn in the Stern-Geary equation may be appropriate for the estimation of corrosion rate (147-150). However, Rn measurements may underestimate corrosion rates. / p is often measured at effective frequencies of 1(T2 Hz or less in linear polarization or EIS measurements, while Rn is measured at 1 Hz or greater. An example of this is provided in Fig. 57, which shows the corrosion rate of carbon steel in 3% NaCl solution as a function of exposure time determined by EIS, linear polarization, noise resistance, and direct current measurement with a ZRA. Among these data, the corrosion rates determined by noise resistance are consistently the lowest. 

A 100-W immersion heater (such as VWR Scientific Inc. 33897-140 a 200-W to 300-W tea/coffee immersion heater can also be used), controlled by a Variac magnetic stirrer and stir bar 1000-mL beaker thermometer with a resolution of 0.02 K (platinum resistance thermometer or calibrated thermistor such as Vernier model TMP-BTA) 1- to 5-mW He-Ne laser (633 nm) or a red (545 mn) or green (532 nm) laser — a battery-operated laser pointer is suitable, but a module with a separate 3-volt power supply, available from Z-Bolt and other sources, will give better power stability for long rans two Polaroid sheets in rotation holders photodetector such as photomultiplier tube or Thorlabs model 201/579-7227 silicon photodiode analog-to-digital data collection system such as Vernier LabPro. 

Figure 3 Correlation between urea permeability and electrical resistance. Each point represents the average of data collected at a given temperature for an individual HEM sample. Units of P are cm/sec, units of /f are k icm. [Reprinted with permission from Peck et al. (1995). Copyright 1995 by American Chemical Society.]...

The data collected at contact (sample data Figure 7-8) was compared with similar device types for contact resistance and comb leakage (Note test lot circled). All the data for each split was combined in order to compare the distribution in reference to other lots. As shown in Figure 7-8, the data splits did not have a large effect on the overall electrical process control results. 

The fixation of thin tissue sections by air-drying is also surprisingly effective. When the water content has been vaporized in a dry atmosphere, the proteins are precipitated to form an insoluble mass that is resistant to degradation. Spectral data collected from samples fixed in this way have revealed no apparent spectral changes when compared directly to those fixed with formalin [30]. 

Mass transfer data in the region of transition between molecular flow and laminar flow have been recently gathered by Cooke (C2). In a study of sublimation of naphthalene spheres, under vacuum, he discovered that the data collected can be correlated by a concept of over-all mass-transfer coefficient equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the resistance in the gas phase and a resistance corresponding to the Langmuir equation for the interface. An emission or accommodation coefficient of 0.10 was found to fit the data. 

Biotypes of at least 40 broadleaf and 15 grass weed species are known to have evolved resistance to triazine herbicides somewhere in the world. Only 21 of these resistant biotypes have been found in the U.S., and one or more of these resistant biotypes have invaded 31 states, four provinces of Canada, and 18 other countries. The confirmed triazine resistant weed species and their distribution by years are summarized in Tables III and IV from data collected in our recent worldwide survey. Details of this extensive survey, mostly conducted in 1988, have not yet been published. Data in the summary Tables III, IV and V are published here for the first time. 

Electrical resistivity measurements were also taken at 28 locations selected across the site to verify the data collected by electromagnetic methods. The data obtained was in agreement with the results of the electromagnetic conductivity survey. 

Figure 9. Oxygen isotope compositions of nominally fresh MORE glasses and whole-rocks. Unfilled boxes are data collected using conventional (resistance heated) fluorination methods between 1966 and 1993 filled boxes are data collected only on glass using laser-based methods. Where these two data types overlap, conventional fluorination data are shown as white-outlined boxes. Data sources Taylor (1968), Muehlenbachs and Clayton (1972), Pineau et al. (1976), Kyser et al. (1982), Muehlenbachs and Byerly (1982), Ito et al. (1987), Barrat et al. (1993), Harmon and Hoefs (1995) and references therein, Eiler et al. (2000b), and Eiler and Kitchen (unpublished data).

Specific Resistance to Filtration. Specific resistance to filtration (SRF) is a standard method (34) for determination of the industrial amenability of a material to dewatering by filtration methods. Modifications of this method are useful empirical tools for evaluating interparticle interactions in concentrated suspensions. Figure 24 shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus in which the water released during filtration under standard conditions can be measured. Figure 25 shows data collected on oil sands mature fine tailings as a function of pH. As with the other methods, these data indicate that material is most difficult to handle at basic pHs. 

The design and dimensions of the ER system to be deployed at a site are based on and derived from the data collected during the preceding investigations and from one or more electrokinetic laboratory tests. If possible, some electrical resistivity soundings should be performed on the site in order to measure the electrical resistance of the ground. 

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