Resistance voltage divider

The input impedance of electrometers is of the order 10 2. Electrometers may be equipped with either capacitance or resistance voltage dividers to enable their voltmeter input range (typically 10 to 100 V) to be increased to 30 kV or more. The capacitance divider comprises an isolated target elec-... 

Acceleration voltage Potential difference between cathode and anode of the accelerator, usually expressed in kV or MV and obtained using a resistive voltage divider chain in the high-voltage unit. 

Other sensors, e.g. based upon the Hall effect, or capacitive or resistive voltage dividers, are not within the scope of - e and shall be manufactured in a different type of protection. 

Variable resistor Resistance Voltage divider, ohimneter, bridge, current source High Moderate Large... 

It should be noted that when the output current is sufficiently large to cause nonlinear response, the detector wfll over-respond and at much higher output currents the gain begins to collapse. This is characteristic of discrete-dynode electron multipliers, which use a simple resistive voltage divider network. 

J) Source side resistance R (to control the p.f. as per the test requirements) High current step down transformer Test object (j Current shunt (2) R-C voltage dividers (12) Recording instruments ... 

Before we go deeper into the high-frequency aspects, let us examine what happens if we ascribe even a simple DC resistance to a trace. As an example, we pick the case of a simple voltage divider, as shown in Figure 2-1. This combination of two resistors is used to set the output voltage, and is probably the most ubiquitous part of any voltage regulator—whether... 

Figure 2-1 Voltage Divider Connections and the Effect of DC Trace Resistances on Output Voltage...

Capture and PSpice can be used to easily calculate the Norton and Thevenin equivalents of a circuit. The method we will use is the same as if we were going to find the equivalent circuits in the lab. We will make two measurements, the open circuit voltage and the short circuit current. The Thevenin resistance is then the open circuit voltage divided by the short circuit current. This will require us to create two circuits, one to find the open circuit voltage, and the second to find the short circuit current. In this example, we will find the Norton and Thevenin equivalent circuits for a DC circuit. This same procedure can be used to find the equivalent circuits of an AC circuit (a circuit with capacitors or inductors). However, instead of finding the open circuit voltage and short circuit current using the DC Nodal Analysis, we would need to use the AC analysis. 

We can now find the Thevenin resistance by dividing the open circuit voltage by the short circuit current ... 

Another passive method is the transference function method (TFM) introduced by Muramatsu [6]. The method consists of an oscillator that drives a crystal through a known measuring impedance and a radiofrequency voltmeter which measures the transference modulus of the system. Muramatsu [6] neglected the effect of the parasitic capacitance and his expression for the quartz impedance resulted in a nonlinear relationship between the measured resistance R with the ac voltage divider and the value of R measured by an impedance analyser. Calvo and Etchenique [74] improved the method and introduced an analytical expression to fit the entire transfer function around resonance in order to obtain the same values of R, L and C as measured by a frequency response analyser. 

Voltage divider A resistive network that provides a fraction of the input voltage at its output. 

Note that in general, a transfer function need not be Volts/Volts (dimensionless). In fact, neither the input nor the output of a two-port network need necessarily be voltage, or even similar quantities. For example, a two-port network can be as simple as a current sense resistor. Its input is the current flowing into it, and its output is the sensed voltage across it. So, its transfer function has the units of voltage divided by current, that is, resistance. Later, when we analyze a power supply in more detail, we will see that its pulse width modulator ( PWM ) section for example, has an input that is called the control voltage , but its output is the dimensionless quantity — duty cycle (of the converter). So the transfer function in this case has the units of Volts-1. 

Note The way we have separated the terms of the transconductance op-amp, the pole-at-zero (fpO H3) seems to be dependent only on Cl (no resistance term). However, we could have also clubbed the voltage divider section HI along with H3 (since these are simply cascaded blocks, in no particular order). Then the pole-at-zero would have appeared differently (and also included a resistance term). However, whichever way we proceed, the final result, that is, H, will remain unchanged. In other words, HI, H2, and H3 are just intermediate mathematical constructs in calculating H (with no obvious physical meaning of their own necessarily). That is why the actual pole-at-zero frequency of the entire feedback block is designated as fpO, not fpO H3. 

Figure 2.17 A voltage divider circuit used to measure the strain gage resistance change. 

The function a(r) contains the voltage divider effect associated with the spreading resistance external to a pore and the internal pore resistance. We assume that pores have a minimum radius, rmin = 1.0 nm, because head-group packing constraints require rmin to be somewhat greater than the size of the... 

---