Resistance super-infection

A super infection is an infection caused by bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics. 

Nitrofurantoin does not develop cross-resistance or cross-sensitization with antibiotics or sulphonamides. Super-infection due to Candida albicans, commonly encountered with the use of antibiotics, has not been observed with its use. When intravenous nitrofurantoin sodium is administered, 100 to 180 mg may be given twice daily if the patient weighs over 55 kg. Other-... 

Numerous studies confirmed ubiquity of several antibiotics (i.e., ofloxacin, trimethoprim, roxythromycin, and sulfamethoxazole) in sewage influent, though at low ng level [8, 13, 14]. However, even at very low concentrations they can have significant ecotoxicological effects in the aquatic and terrestrial compartment [15, 16]. Indiscriminate or excessive use of antibiotics has been widely blamed for the appearance of so-called super-bugs that are antibiotic-resistant. It is of crucial importance to control their emissions into the environment through more cautious utilization and monitoring outbreaks of dmg-resistant infections. 

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is a major cause of infection in the developed countries, is now resistant to most antibiotics. It is usually present on the skin, where it causes no problems, but it can invade the body through cuts and wounds, including those caused by surgery. These bacteria are now prevalent in many hospitals, so that infection is a major problem for the medical staff in hospitals. The resistant bacterium is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is also known in the mass media as the super bug . Penicillin kiUs bacteria because the P-lactam group in the antibiotic inhibits a reaction that is essential for bacterial ceU wall production. Consequently, the bacteria cannot proliferate. Resistance to penicillin in many bacteria is due to production of an enzyme, p-lactamase, that degrades P-lactams. The antibiotic methicillin is one of a group of semisynthetic penicillins in which the P-lactam group is not... 

As time, went on, there appeared super bacteria such as Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The activity of vancomycin against these bacteria has reduced nearly 1,000 times comparing to that in the old time. Boger discovered the analogs of Vancomycin through reforming the total synthesis route. These analogs have increased the anti-infective activity up to 40 times that of the ordinary vancomycin, which is the best result achieved so far, and this result can only be achieved by total synthesis. Therefore, we can say that total synthesis can make contributions to humanity in different ways in the new era. 

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