Resistance, defined

Equation (10-2) is true only for pipelines of relatively short lengths since otherwise the longitudinal resistance will be noticeable at longer distances. Thus in Eq. (10-2) / E will approach Z, not zero, for a long length. Here Z denotes the characteristic resistance defined in Eq. (24-66). Z is therefore the minimum grounding resistance for the case where current is fed at one end of the pipeline. This quantity is reduced by half for current fed in at a central point on the pipe. It follows from Eq. (24-66)... 

The difference between the two ordinate origins represents the log of the coefficient in the equation between abrasion resistance, defined by the energy required to remove unit volume of mbber (J/mm ) and the energy density at break in the same units. 

Two types of diuretics are used for volume management in HF thiazides and loop diuretics. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, and metolazone block sodium and chloride reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Thiazides are weaker than loop diuretics in terms of effecting an increase in urine output and therefore are not utilized frequently as monotherapy in HF. They are optimally suited for patients with hypertension who have mild congestion. Additionally, the action of thiazides is limited in patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/minute) due to reduced secretion into their site of action. An exception is metolazone, which retains its potent action in patients with renal dysfunction. Metolazone is often used in combination with loop diuretics when patients exhibit diuretic resistance, defined as edema unresponsive to loop diuretics alone. 

The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is increasing world-wide and considered one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. In 2010, 221 million patients are expected to be diabetic (compared to 151 million in the year 2000). The increase in diabetes prevalence is considered to be secondary to changes in human lifestyle accompanied by physical inactivity and unlimited food supply. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance, defined as the reduced response of skeletal muscle to a given dose of insulin, is a common finding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and can be found before the onset and predict the development of the disease. Several factors determine skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and among others alterations in fatty acid metabolism have been proposed. ... 

The latter authors used anode and cathode symmetrical cells in EIS analysis in order to simplify the complication that often arises from asymmetrical half-cells so that the contributions from anode/ electrolyte and cathode/electrolyte interfaces could be isolated, and consequently, the temperature-dependences of these components could be established. This is an extension of their earlier work, in which the overall impedances of full lithium ion cells were studied and Ret was identified as the controlling factor. As Figure 68 shows, for each of the two interfaces, Ra dominates the overall impedance in the symmetrical cells as in a full lithium ion cell, indicating that, even at room temperature, the electrodic reaction kinetics at both the cathode and anode surfaces dictate the overall lithium ion chemistry. At lower temperature, this determining role of Ra becomes more pronounced, as Figure 69c shows, in which relative resistance , defined as the ratio of a certain resistance at a specific temperature to that at 20 °C, is used to compare the temperature-dependences of bulk resistance (i b), surface layer resistance Rsi), and i ct- For the convenience of comparison, the temperature-dependence of the ion conductivity measured for the bulk electrolyte is also included in Figure 69 as a benchmark. Apparently, both and Rsi vary with temperature at a similar pace to what ion conductivity adopts, as expected, but a significant deviation was observed in the temperature dependence of R below —10 °C. Thus, one... 

Show that Eq. (QQ) applies for the electrical circuit analogy in Fig. 5.16 with the individual conductances and resistances defined as shown (but excluding the interface reaction). 

Fig. 11. A comparison of calculated and experimentally measured current distributions for the pattern shown in Fig. 10. The six resist-defined features are numbered from left to right. For each feature, three bars are shown the left bar shows the experimental data obtained by Rosset et al. [44, 45], while the center and right bars correspond to current distributions calculated by two different methods. (Figure reprinted and caption paraphrased from West et al. [43] by permission of the publisher. The Electrochemical Society, In ).

Here, we have neglected the wall and fouling thermal resistances. Defining mu = (r 0hA)hICh and ntuc = (y JiA)c Cc, Eq. 17.128 in nondimensional form is given by... 

The chloride-penetration resistance (defined as the inverse of the chloride diffusion coefficient) is calculated by ... 

Air side resistance The partial air side resistance defined as the air side diffusivity divided by the depth of the stagnant air boundary over water (sec cm ). 

Filter ceramics, carrier products Chemically resistant, defined pore size distribution, sometime graduated Filters, membranes, diaphragms, carriers for catalytic converter... 

The sediment resistivity, defined in Equation 4.27 as electrical resistance per unit length of a unit cross-sectional area of the sediment, is calculated from the voltage drop/potential difference of an electric current passing through the soil between two electrodes that are in line and placed at a known distance apart (a). 

For the flow control systems, using the theorem of short lines papeion is equivalent to a hydraulic resistance defined by the known relationship ... 

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