Residues in blood

Exposed to 10 pg Pb/m3air for one year Elevated tissue residues in blood, soft tissues, and bone 13... 

Dieter, M.P., M.C. Perry, and B.M. Mulhem. 1976. Lead and PCB s in canvasback ducks relationship between enzyme levels and residues in blood. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5 1-13. 

Waliszewski SM, Szymczynski GA. 1991. Persistent organochlorine residues in blood serum and whole blood. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 46(6) 803-809. 

Pines A, Cucos S, Ever-Hadani P, et al. 1986. Levels of some organochlorine residues in blood of patients with arteriosclerotic disease. Sci Total Environ 54 135-156. 

Kaphalia, B.S., Seth, T.D., 1983. Chlorinated pesticide residues in blood plasma and adipose tissue of normal and exposed human population. Indian I. Med. Res. 77, 245-247. 

Saxena, S.P., Khare, C., Farook, A., Murugesan, K., Chandra, A., 1987. DDT residues in blood of residents of areas surrounding a DDT manufacturing factory in Delhi. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38, 392-395. 

Of all the communities adversely affected by hazardous cotton pesticides, a substantial proportion are located in India home to more cotton farmers than any other country in the world. Indian cotton production is heavily associated with the intensive use of hazardous pesticides, and is responsible for over half of aU agricultural pesticides applied nationally. Within this figure Indian cotton is associated with some of the most hazardous pesticides used anywhere on earth . Characterized hy a near total lack of safety measures, low quality equipment, and with protective clothing often unavailahle or prohibitively expensive, Indian cotton production represents a highly unsafe environment within which to work f Observational studies reveal a heavy toll exerted on the health of those who work with cotton pesticides and chemical analysis has revealed traces of pesticide residues in blood samples taken from Indian cotton labourers. Cotton undoubtedly represents one of India s most important economic, nutritive and cultural commodities, but its conventional cultivation has become deeply problematic, both for those who grow it and because of the external costs of its impact on health and the en-vironmenP ... 

International Cotton Advisory Committee (2005) op dt Mathur H.B., etal., Analysis of Pestidde Residues in Blood Samples from Villages of Puigab , Centre for Science and FTTvironTnenf, New Delhi (2005) ... 

All four udder quarters of twelve dairy cows in mid-lactation were treated at 4 times the therapeutic dose of 50 mg/ quarter by intramammary infusion of an aqueous gel containing 200 mg of pirlimycin free base equivalents, including the labeled " C-pirlimycin hydrochloride. The pharmacokinetic parameters for total pirlimycin residue in blood and milk were determined. Three cows were sacrificed at each of four post-treatment intervals (4, 6, 14, and 28 days) to establish tissue residue depletion kinetics. Metabolite profiles of the residues in milk, liver, urine and feces were obtained and the unknown radiolabeled components identified. 

Generally, levels of total chlordane residues in blood and milk fat increase as duration of exposure increases (Ogata and Izushi 1991 Saito et al. 1986 Taguchi and Yakushiji 1988 Takamiya 1987). Human milk fat contained total mean chlordane residues of <188 ppm, and blood levels were 0.015 ppm in exposed individuals (Ogato and Izushi 1991 Taguchi and Yakushiji 1988). Levels in fat and liver exceeded levels in the blood (Mussalo-Rauhamaa 1991). 

A later study in monkeys confirmed that chlordane residues in skin lipids correlate closely with residues in blood (Sasaki et al. 1992). In this study, monkeys were given 5 consecutive, weekly, subcutaneous doses of 1 or 10 mg trans-chlordane/kg, and blood, adipose tissue and skin lipids were sampled up to 28 weeks after the last treatment for analysis for trans- chlordane and oxychlordane. Trans-chlordane concentrations in adipose tissue declined rapidly after the last dose oxychlordane concentrations increased for about 5 weeks and leveled off. The correlation coefficients for trans-chlordane in the adipose tissue and blood, and in the adipose tissue and skin lipids were 0.93 and 0.72, respectively. The correlation coefficients for oxychlordane in the adipose tissue and blood, and in the adipose tissue and skin lipids were 0.94 and 0.83, respectively. These data suggest that /rans-chlordane concentrations in skin lipids are a satisfactory biomarker of recent exposure, and that oxychlordane concentrations in skin lipids are a satisfactory marker of previous exposure and of the body burden (in adipose tissue) of oxychlordane. 

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