Residue shales

Shale was fed by a screw feeder from a pressurized hopper, which was filled before testing with sufficient shale for the entire run. The cold shale entered the top of the reactor and was preheated by countercurrent contact with the hot product gas. The residue shale was discharged from the bottom of the reactor into a pressurized residue receiver by a second screw feeder. The residue shale was cooled by countercurrent contact with cold feed hydrogen. In a few later runs at high hydrogen rates, the feed hydrogen was preheated. 

Feedstock Light petrol (distillate) Heavy petrol (residue) Shale oil COED liquid19 H -Coal distillate... 

Spent shale zone residual carbon burned... 

Gas Combustion Retort. The continuous gas combustion retort (GCR) has been modeled after the earlier batch-operation NTU retort. Although the term "gas combustion" has been appHed to this process, it is a misnomer in that, in a weU-designed and properly operated system, the residual char on the retorted shale suppHes much of the fuel for this process. The GCR is the foremnner of most continuous AGR processes (Table 7). 

Barite [13462-86-7], natural barium sulfate, BaSO, commonly known as barytes, and sometimes as heavy spar, tiU, or cawk, occurs in many geological environments in sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. Commercial deposits are of three types vein and cavity filling deposits residual deposits and bedded deposits. Most commercial sources are replacement deposits in limestone, dolomitic sandstone, and shales, or residual deposits caused by differential weathering that result in lumps of barite enclosed in clay. Barite is widely distributed and has minable deposits in many countries. 

Isotope effects of this kind are relevant for an understanding of the isotope composition of clay minerals and absorption of water on mineral surfaces. The tendency for clays and shales to act as semipermeable membranes is well known. This effect is also known as ultraliltration . Coplen and Hanshaw (1973) postulated that hydrogen isotope fractionations may occur during ultraliltration in such a way that the residual water is emiched in deuterium due to its preferential adsorption on the clay minerals and its lower diffusivity. 

Konig Explosives. J.B. Konig patented in 1890 a method of prepn of expls by nitration of high bp hydrocarbons derived from the distn of coal, bituminous shales or residues of petroleum refineries, paraffins and ozokerite Ref Daniel (1902), 395... 

Semi-coke, or coke ash residue. This waste material accumulates when oil shale is retorted. The residues and their leachates contain organic contaminants, most importantly phenolic species, for example, phenol, cresols, xylenols, and resorcinols (Raidma 1994 Kahru et al. 1999). 

Within the raw oil shale, carbonates are the predominant minerals (Table 3), whereas (alumino) silicates are the most important components of the non-carbonate residue (Table 4). 

The environmental risk leachates from the retort residue represent on the ecosystem is not only related to the absolute content of various potentially toxic trace elements in the semicoke, which in most cases may not be significantly higher than the content of the natural oil shales. It also depends on the leachability of these elements when the residue comes in contact with water, and on the elemental speciation. Important factors to consider in this context are ... 

Saether (1980), Saether Runnells (1980), and Stollenwerk Runnells (1981) studied the leaching of various retorting residues from US Green River oil shales. Alkaline pH values were established even before 25% of the first pore-volume had passed through the waste, and were maintained at high levels for the first 15 pore-volumes. The main potentially toxic elements mobilized under such alkaline conditions were found to be As, B, F, Mo, and Se. In contrast, base metals such as Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn will be immobilized under such alkaline conditions (Baes Mesmer 1976 Bell 1976). 

Retorting of oil shales to produce shale oil results in wastes (condensate water and solid semi-coke residue) that are heavily contaminated with organic compounds, especially phenolic compounds. Semi-coke leachate is typically alkaline (Kundel Liblik 2000) and can contain several hundred mg/L phenol in Estonia, in addition to potentially toxic heavy metals and trace elements, for example, As, B, F, Mo, and Se, which might be mobilized during leaching by water. Volatilization of phenols from leachate lagoons can also impact atmospheric quality. 

---