Residues in tissues

Finerty MW, Madden JD, Feagley SE, Grodner RM (1990) Effect of environs and seasonality on metal residues in tissues of wild and pond-raised crayfish in southern Louisiana. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19 94—100... 

Fleming, WJ. 1981. Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 45 508-511. Flint, P.L., M.R. Petersen, and J.B. Grand. 1997. Exposure of spectacled eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western Alaska. Canad. Jour. Zool. 75 439-443. 

Humans, Homo sapiens Various Lethal residues in tissues, in mg/kg fresh weight, were >6.0 in brain, >10.0 in liver, and >17.0 in whole body 1... 

Finley, M.T., W.H. Stickel, and R.E. Christensen. 1979. Mercury residues in tissues of dead and surviving birds fed methylmercury. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 21 105-110. 

Miller, R.W., C. Corley, D.D. Oehler, and L.G. Pickens. 1976. Feeding TH 6040 to cattle residues in tissues and milk and breakdown in manure. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 24 687-688. 

Birds that died of fenvalerate poisoning contained residues of 0.1 to 1.26 mg/kg brain fresh weight (FW) and 0.74 mg/kg liver FW, based on acute oral doses of 500 to 4000 mg/kg BW (Table 20.6) juveniles were more sensitive than adults (Bradbury and Coats 1989a). When compared to other synthetic pyrethroids tested in laying hens, fenvalerate provided higher, more persistent residues in tissues (Saleh et al. 1986). Birds given single oral doses as low as 250 mg... 

R,aS isomer Residues in tissues were usually much higher than those of other isomers tested adrenal, 371 fat, 304 heart, 40 kidney, 25 liver, 72 lung, 25 mesenteric node, 318 and spleen, 62 11... 

Residues in tissues of PCP suicide victim were 75 in urine, 116 weight tissue in kidney, 173 in blood, and 225 in liver (USEPA 1980)... 

The highest total PCB concentrations recorded in terrestrial mammalian wildlife occurred in fat and liver tissues of species collected near urban areas di-ort/jo-congeners were the major contributors to PCB tissue burdens (Table 24.12). Atmospheric transport of PCBs governed uptake in terrestrial mammalian herbivores and predators. For example, PCB residues in tissues of voles and shrews in the Scandinavian peninsula directly correlated with fallout loadings (Larsson et al. 1990). An increase in atmospheric deposition of PCBs increased PCB burdens in plants, herbivores, and predators of the herbivores. But herbivores and predators differentially metabolized PCBs, raising concentrations of highly chlorinated congeners in predators and concentrations of the more easily metabolized low-chlorinated PCBs in herbivores (Larsson et al. 1990). 

Measurable levels of endrin have not been found in adipose tissue of the general population (Stanley 1986 Williams et al. 1984). Measurable tissue concentrations of endrin have been observed in cases of acute poisoning. The time of sample collection is critical as endrin residues in tissues decline rapidly after exposure has ceased. 

Lipid Content and Concentration of PCB Residues in Tissues of Juvenile Coho Salmon3... 

Figure 5. Concentration of 4-CB residues in tissues of rainbow trout exposed to, 4C-labeled 4-CB in water and transferred to 4-CB-free water (day 0). Each point...

Using PCB levels in five species of freshwater finfish, collected over a course of 20 years. Stow (1995) failed to find a significant relationship between residue concentrations and percent lipid. The finding of Randall et al. (1991) may explain part of the problem. They found that using different extraction solvents for tissues, lipid concentrations can vary by 3.5 fold and that laboratories vary widely in the type of solvents used for the extraction of HOC residues in tissues. Whole body lipid levels across BMO species typically vary from about 1 to 15% (based on wet tissue weights). Thus, the lipid mediated differences in BMO tissue concentrations may be as high as 15 fold. Unlike BMOs, Standard SPMDs have a uniform lipid content, which precludes any need for lipid normalization, and the extraction or dialysis solvent is standardized. 

Rapid progress has been reported in the development of methods for sulfonamide residues in tissues, milk, and eggs since the subject was reviewed by Horwitz ( ) in 1981, The colorimetric method of Tishler et al (j ) has in the past been used to detect violative levels of sulfonamide residues in animal tissues. The lack of specificity and the variable background levels produced by this method have been discussed by Horwitz ( ), Matusik et al (15), and Lloyd et al (16), Recently, a number of specific chromatograpiic methods have been described for determination of residues of a variety of sulfonamides, These are summarized in Table 1 and suggest that HPLC is emerging as the method of choice followed by GLC and TLC methods. 

Table I. Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Sulfonamide Residues in Tissue, Milk, and Eggs...

A number of methods have been described for determination of tetracycline (chlortetracycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline) residues in tissues of food-producing animals (53-62), fish (63), eggs (64), and honey (65,66). Most of these methods use reversed-phase HPLC for determination. However, one uses TLC with UV densitometry ( ) and one uses GLC ( ), and one uses a direct mass spectrometric method CAD MIKE spectrometry (collisionally activated decomposition mass-analyzed ion kinetic spectrometry) for oxytetracycline in milk and meat (62). Several use solid-phase extraction in the cleanup procedure using XAD-2 resin (56,58) or Cj g cartridges... 

Weiss and MacDonald (87) recently reviewed methods for determination of ionophore antibiotics. lonophores approved for use in animal agriculture in the U.S. are lasalocid, monensin, and salinomycin. An HPLC ( ) and GLC-MS ( ) procedure have been described for lasalocid. For other ionophores, TLC-bioautography is the preferred procedure because of lack of any useful UV absorbance. However, a few TLC colorimetric procedures have been described for monensin residues in tissues (90-92). 

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