Residual volume structure

Inverse opal structures have been classified into three structures, the so-called residual volume structure , shell structure and skeleton structure . The residual volume structure is a perfect inverse opal structure, which can be produced if the whole space among the opal spheres is completely filled by the product materials. If the space is incompletely filled, the surface of the sphere template is covered by the product materials, and a shell structure is generated. Most amorphous compounds tend to form a shell structure. On the other hand, crystalline compounds tend to form a skeleton structure. 

Inverse opal structures have been classified into three structures residual volume structure, shell structure, and skeleton structure [56,57]. The... 

Patient compliance with prescribed nebulization regimes is primarily determined by the duration of the therapy. Nebulizer fluids may be atomized for a set period, or more usually, a measured volume of therapeutic liquid is nebulized to dryness. The time taken to achieve this is directly related to the volume to be delivered. However, not all the fluid in the nebulizer can be atomized, and some fluid remains associated with the baffles, internal structures, and walls of the nebulizer as the dead or residual volume. The proportion of fluid remaining as the residual volume and thus unavailable to patients is higher for smaller fill volumes. 

Pediatric radiologists performing ultrasound studies in children with clinical symptoms of nonneurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction and in enurectic children should not only evaluate for structural abnormalities, but should search for signs of unstable bladder (open bladder neck) and should measure residual volume after voiding and bladder wall thickness according to published standards (bladder wall thickness varies minimally with age. 

The structure of residual austenite is metastable, during exploitation it may panially transform into bainite, whereas during quenching this transformation may be caused by the freezing out processing. The transformation of residual austenite into bainite is connected with volume change, whereas diminishing the content of austenite in martensite by 1% causes a 0,07% increase of its volume. 

Heat-treatment the active fractions from step 1 are combined and evaporated to a small volume ( 4ml), and mixed with a 1/4 volume of 1 M H3PO4. The mixture is heated in a bath of boiling water for 2 minutes, then quickly cooled. The precipitate formed is removed by centrifugation. The panal in the clear solution is extracted with ethyl acetate, and the extract is evaporated to dryness. The residue is redissolved in 30% methanol. During this process, the hydrated form of panal is converted into its basic structure. 

The two isozymes are both homodimers, composed of approximately 600 amino acids and possess approximately 60% homology. The three-dimensional structures of COX-1 and COX-2 are very similar. Each one consists of three independent units an epidermal growth factor-like domain, a membrane-binding section and an enzymic domain. The catalytic sites and the residues immediately adjacent are identical but for two small but crucial variations that result in an increase in the volume of the COX-2-active site, enabling it to accept inhibitor-molecules larger than those that could be accommodated in the COX-1 molecule. 

Details regarding structural/functional differences among chemokines and their receptors are discussed elsewhere in this volume. Briefly, chemokines (and their cognate receptors) consist of four main classes (CC, CXC, CX3C and C) based on the number and spacing of at least four conserved cysteine residues (Murphy 2002). 

Studies interested in the determination of macro pharmacokinetic parameters, such as total body clearance or the apparent volume of distribution, can be readily calculated from polyexponential equations such as Eq. (9) without assignment of a specific model structure. Parameters (i.e., Ah Xt) associated with such an equation are initially estimated by the method of residuals followed by nonlinear least squares regression analyses [30],... 

Recently, there has been great interest in proteins that exhibit biological activity but lack a well-defined secondary or tertiary structure after purification (Dunker et al., 1998, 2001 Schweers et al., 1994 Uversky et al., 2000 Wright and Dyson, 1999). Such proteins are referred to as intrinsically disordered or unstructured. An analysis in 1998 of the Swiss Protein Database revealed that about 15,000 proteins in that database are likely to contain disordered segments at least 40 residues in length (Romero et al., 1998). Dyson and Wright (2002) review intrinsically disordered proteins in this volume. 

Many of the properties of a polymer depend upon the presence or absence of crystallites. The factors that determine whether crystallinity occurs are known (see Chapter 2) and depend on the chemical structure of the polymer chain, e.g., chain mobility, tacticity, regularity and side-chain volume. Although polymers may satisfy the above requirements, other factors determine the morphology and size of crystallites. These include the rate of cooling from the melt to solid, stress and orientation applied during processing, impurities (catalyst and solvent residues), latent crystallites which have not melted (this is called self-nucleation). 

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