Representatives expenses

There should be a clearly laid down procedure for approval and payment of representatives expenses and expenditure on meetings and hospitality and the like. A system should be in place for an audit on a systematic or random basis which will check the nature of the expenditure which has been incurred and assess whether that expenditure was in accordance with the requirements of the Code. 

Fluid samples may be collected downhole at near-reservoir conditions, or at surface. Subsurface samples are more expensive to collect, since they require downhole sampling tools, but are more likely to capture a representative sample, since they are targeted at collecting a single phase fluid. A surface sample is inevitably a two phase sample which requires recombining to recreate the reservoir fluid. Both sampling techniques face the same problem of trying to capture a representative sample (i.e. the correct proportion of gas to oil) when the pressure falls below the bubble point. 

Availability of a representative set of data examples. Such a set may significantly simplify construction of any automatic interpretation system. The example data is usually obtained from calibration pieces, however, they usually represent only the most common defects and are usually expensive to manufacture. Recently more and more data is stored as digital inspection records, unfortunately the stored data is rarely fully classified, as this would increase the cost of inspection (usually only the serious defects are given full description in the reports). 

Figure B3.2.10. Contour plot of the electron density obtained by an orbital-free Hohenberg-Kolnr teclmique [98], The figure shows a vacancy in bulk aluminium in a 256-site cell containing 255 A1 atoms and one empty site, the vacancy. Dark areas represent low electron density and light areas represent high electron density. A Kolm-Sham calculation for a cell of this size would be prohibitively expensive. Calculations on smaller cell sizes using both techniques yielded densities that were practically identical.

Once basic requirements and secondary objectives have been established, the prospective purchaser will find it easier to discuss details with sales representatives. From the latter s viewpoint, it is easier to talk to a potential customer who knows what he needs from a mass spectrometer system rather than to a customer who has only a vague idea of what is required. In fact, an uninformed customer can end up purchasing an expensive instrument that is far too good for the analyses required or, at the other extreme, a cheap instrument that is inadequate for immediate needs, let alone ones that might arise in the near future. 

The ratio of reactants had to be controlled very closely to suppress these impurities. Recovery of the acrylamide product from the acid process was the most expensive and difficult part of the process. Large scale production depended on two different methods. If soHd crystalline monomer was desired, the acrylamide sulfate was neutralized with ammonia to yield ammonium sulfate. The acrylamide crystallized on cooling, leaving ammonium sulfate, which had to be disposed of in some way. The second method of purification involved ion exclusion (68), which utilized a sulfonic acid ion-exchange resin and produced a dilute solution of acrylamide in water. A dilute sulfuric acid waste stream was again produced, and, in either case, the waste stream represented a... 

The PVC formulations shown in Table 2 represent typical compounds used by the wine and cable industry. PVC compounders have developed new PVC-based formulations with very good fire and smoke properties (can pass the UL 910 Steiner Tunnel test) that compete with the more expensive fluoropolymers. These can be used in fabricating telecommunication cables usable for plenum area appHcations. 

The key elements of the cost of production of phenol are feedstock cost and capital cost. For phenol produced on the U.S. Gulf Coast in a 200,000 t/yr phenol plant built in 1994, the cumene feedstock cost represents 70% of the net cost of production, after allowance for acetone coproduct value. Depreciation of equipment represents 14% of the net cost and utilities approximately 7.6%. The remaining 8.4% covers all other expenses, including plant labor, maintenance, insurance, adininistration, sales, etc. 

The design or substantial modification of a new plant or process, its subsequent constmction, and start-up represent a tremendous investment of time and money. The rewards are great if a significant improvement is realized the risks are also great if a costiy commercial plant fails to produce as expected. To reduce the degree of risk, lengthy and expensive research programs are often undertaken. 

Quahty-related expenses for quahty plant laboratories and corporate staff associated with control and improvement activities mn about 1—3% of sales (58). Thus, the control and improvement efforts represent the potential for a 10 1 return on investment. 

The need for a large number of stages and for the special equipment makes gaseous diffusion an expensive process. The three United States gaseous diffusion plants represent a capital expenditure of close to 2.5 x 10 dollars (17). However, the gaseous diffusion process is one of the more economical processes yet devised for the separation of uranium isotopes on a large scale. 

Indigoid dyes represent one of the oldest known classes of dyes. For example, 6,6 -dibromoindigo [19201 -53-7] (44) is Tyrian Purple, the dye made famous by the Romans. Tyrian Purple was so expensive that only the very wealthy were able to afford garments dyed with it. Indeed, the phrase "bom to the purple" is still used today to denote wealth. 

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