Renografin

While the microbubbles with an albumin shell were already in development, other groups of researchers investigated the use of surfactants or fipid-stabilized microbubble shells. Pluronic-stabifized renografin-air bubbles were prepared, but their storage stability was unsatisfactory. It required sonication shear mixing immediately prior to administration into experimental animals [18]. Other materials fared considerably better. A combination of a hydrophobic Span and... 

In one US study of cardiac angiography, the incidence of adverse events was 32% with diatrizoate and 10% with iohexol it should be noted however that the diatrizoate used in that study (Renografin 76 ) causes calcium binding, which may have increased the rate of cardiac complications (19). The non-ionic agent iodixanol 320, which is virtually iso-osmolar, has been tested in cardiac angiography against iohexol and seemed to be better tolerated (20). 

Certain contrast media, notably the high-osmolar products based on sodium methylglucamine, Renografin-76 and MD-76, have calcium-binding properties and cause... 

Stark FR, Coburn JW. Renal failure following methyl-glucamine diatrizoate (Renografin) aortography report of a case with unilateral renal artery stenosis. J Urol 1966 96(6) 848-51. 

G21. Gross, M., McDonald, H., and Waterhouse, K., Anuria following urography with meglumine diatrizoate (Renografin) in multiple myeloma. Radiology 90, 780-781 (1968). 

Fig. 26 1. Electron micrograph of Coxiella burnetii in the phagolysosome of an infected yolk sac cell, demonstrating both large (LCV) and small (SCV) cell variants. The bar in the lower right corner represents 0.6 pm. After Renografin (manufactured by Squibb Diagnostics, Princeton, NJ) purification, the cells were fixed with primary fixative and stained with potassium permanganate. The phagolysosome contains many pleomorphic C burnetii organisms. Multiplication by binary transverse fission with septa formation (arrows) is seen.

Hanson, B. A., Wisseman, C. L., Jr., Waddell, A., and Silverman, D. J. (1981) Some characteristics of heavy and light bands of Rickettsia prowazekii on Renografin gradients. Infect. Immun. 34, 596-604. 

Weiss, E., Dasch, G. A., Kang, Y. H., and Westfall, H. N. (1988) Substrate utilization by Ehrlichia sennetsu and Ehrlichia risticii separated from host constituents by renografin gradient centrifugation. J. Bacterial. 170, 5012-5017. 

Weiss, E., Coolbaugh, J. C., and Williams, J. C. (1975) Separation of viable Rickettsia typhi from yolk sac and L cell host components by renografin density gradient centrifugation. Appl. Microbiol. 30, 456-463. 

As early as 1981, researchers were making multilamellar liposomes entrapping diatrizoic add salts (Renografin) and passively targeting the spleen, one of the natural end points of such unPEGylated liposomes. Although they may initiate nonspecific macrophage activation, these systems have the... 

Figure 8. Surface display of human (62 year old male) left ventricle with apical aneurysm. Scan performed during levo phase of bolus injection of renografin into pulmonary trunk (Sinak et ai, 1984d).

High-osmolar ionic monomers Diatrizoate Angiografin, Hypaque, Gastrografin, Renografin, Urografin... 

Fig. 5. Renografin density gradient profile of dopamine. Vacuole isolation was performed as described in Fig. 4 with pectin-ase from Aspergillus niger in the cell digestion medium. Gradient fractions were analyzed for dopamine content as described in Fig. 1...

Fig. 6. Distribution of sanguin-arine, thebaine and Ot mannosi-dase on renografin density gradients after limited cell wall hydrolysis. Cell fractionation was carried out as described in Fig. 4 except pectinase was omitted from the digestion medium. The volume of fraction collected is reflected in the width of the bars in the graph. (A) San-guinarine and (B) thebaine content and (C) a-mannosidase activity were determined as described in Fig. 4. Data shown are from the same experiment. In the original protoplasts, the concentrations of sanguinarine and thebaine were 11.6 and 0.013 Mg mg protein, respectively...

Table 2. % recoveries of metabolites and ce-mannosidase in Renografin gradient fractions... 

The largest amount of dopamine was detected in the supernatant with the next highest concentrations in the low density region of the gradient (Fig. 5). Some dopamine was also present in the 8/16% renografin interface which upon electron microscopic inspection appeared to contain laticifer cells. These results are consistent with the data obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (Fig. 3). 

Fig. 7A—C. Transmission electron micrographs of laticifer cells from P. bracteatum. (A) Embryo, 4 days after seeds were sown. Many vacuoles contained electron dense deposits, caps (c), on the tonoplast. Some liposomes are also present, (x 6,000) (B) Shoot culture (MSRT, 5.0 mg BA, dark-grown) 10—12 days after transfer. Note caps (c) and liposomes (L). (x 7,000) (C) Protoplast sedimenting to the Renografin 8/16% interface following complete cell wall digestion of hormone-free suspension cultures. Protoplasts were layered directly onto the Renografin gradient. Cultured laticifer cells were frequently rich in lipid (L). (x 3,500)...

Fig.SA. Transmission electron micrographs of Renografin gradient fractions. (A) 4/8% interace. Following complete cell wall digestion, protoplasts were layered directly onto the Renografin gradient, (x 24,900) (B) 8/16% interface. Partial cell wall digestion resulted in an enriched fraction of intact laticifer cells (viewed in transverse section) (x 4,000)...

Acknowledgements. This work was supported by NSF Grant PCM 8011471 and NIH Training Grant 5 T32 HL-07050-09. We thank Elizabeth M. Coscia and Micheal D. Rush for their able assistance. Dr. Alan Kinnersley for P. somniferum cell cultures, and Schering, AG for Renografin. 

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