Relativity physical interpretation

Ithough knowledge-based potentials are most popular, it is also possible to use other types potential function. Some of these are more firmly rooted in the fundamental physics of iteratomic interactions whereas others do not necessarily have any physical interpretation all but are able to discriminate the correct fold from decoy structures. These decoy ructures are generated so as to satisfy the basic principles of protein structure such as a ose-packed, hydrophobic core [Park and Levitt 1996]. The fold library is also clearly nportant in threading. For practical purposes the library should obviously not be too irge, but it should be as representative of the different protein folds as possible. To erive a fold database one would typically first use a relatively fast sequence comparison lethod in conjunction with cluster analysis to identify families of homologues, which are ssumed to have the same fold. A sequence identity threshold of about 30% is commonly... 

In order to give a physical interpretation of special relativity it is necessary to understand the implications of the Lorentz rotation. Within Galilean relativity the three-dimensional line element of euclidean space (r2 = r r) is an invariant and the transformation corresponds to a rotation in three-dimensional space. The fact that this line element is not Lorentz invariant shows that world space has more dimensions than three. When rotated in four-dimensional space the physical invariance of the line element is either masked by the appearance of a fourth coordinate in its definition, or else destroyed if the four-space is not euclidean. An illustration of the second possibility is the geographical surface of the earth, which appears to be euclidean at short range, although on a larger scale it is known to curve out of the euclidean plane. 

The generalized Fisher theorems derived in this section are statements about the space variation of the vectors of the relative and absolute space-specific rates of growth. These vectors have a simple natural (biological, chemical, physical) interpretation They express the capacity of a species of type u to fill out space in genetic language, they are space-specific fitness functions. In addition, the covariance matrix of the vector of the relative space-specific rates of growth, gap, [Eq. (25)] is a Riemannian metric tensor that enters the expression of a Fisher information metric [Eqs. (24) and (26)]. These results may serve as a basis for solving inverse problems for reaction transport systems. 

Thus the independent variable in the BET theory is the pressure relative to the saturation pressure. Therefore the BET equation describes the volume of gas adsorbed at different values of p/p0 in terms of two parameters Vm and c. Furthermore, the model supplies a physical interpretation to these two parameters. 

The physical interpretation of this result is, relatively, simple. The reaction rate predicted by the model is equal to the collision frequency, Eq. (4.16), times the factor exp(—E /ksT). This factor is clearly related to the Boltzmann distribution.2 To that end, let us evaluate the probability of finding a relative velocity, irrespective of its direction, corresponding to a free translational energy EtI = (1 /2)/. v that exceeds i tr = E (see Problem 1.3) ... 

Absorption coefficient description, 82 physical interpretation, 84 Accelerated aging of paper, effect of variations in relative humidity, 63-78 Acid degradation, effective means of book protection, 23-24 Acid formation in paper aging characteristics, 16 chief source, 16... 

The physical interpretation of the periodic relationship suggested by numerical pattern generation relies on the known effect of isotropic compression on the electronic structure of atoms [24]. Compression causes all energy levels to rise and removes the degeneracy of sub-levels. The effect becomes more pronounced with increasing quantum number l. Relative energies for hydro-... 

There exist variations on aforementioned procedures. Equations with parameters raised to a power, such as Xf, may be considered as linear in a variable Zj (= X, ). For example, a squared parameter might be used in the case of an extremum occurring in a plot of a property versus some parameter such as the molecular volume. Such a relation might be expected if there exists maximum molecular size for fitting into a receptor cavity. Other mathematical functions of the primitive descriptors can likewise be used to generate terms. Linear regression models are preferred because the terms in Eq. [1] have relatively simple physical interpretations. 

The ratio between forces F /Fg is proportional to w /gl and its square root (w/s/ ) is recognized as the Froude number. Its physical interpretation is the index of the relative importance of the inertial forces acting on the fluid particles with respect... 

The flow distribution superiority of the 7l-flow configuration has a simple physical interpretation. When frictional losses in the feed channel are low, pressure increases in the flow direction due to momentum loss. In the exit channel, the opposite is true. Thus in Z-flow a large radial pressure drop occurs at the exit end of the reactor, while a much smaller one occurs at the entrance end. This relatively large gradient in radial pressure drop is essentially what causes the flow maldistribution. In 7l-flow, however, due to the opposite flow of feed and product streams, pressure increases in the same direction in both channels and results in a more uniform pressure drop, and consequently, fluid distribution. 

In the later sections of this book we will demonstrate that the same technique can be applied to electromagnetic and seismic wave field Inversion. In these areas of geophysics, migration serves as a useful practical tool for imaging geophysical data, because of the relative numerical simplicity and transparent physical interpretation of the results of electromagnetic and seismic migration. 

The physical interpretation of c RTd is that it represents the force acting on species i per unit volume of mixture tending to move species i relative to the solution. The quantity represents the volume fraction of species /, , and so we may rewrite Eq. 2.3.9 as... 

The physical interpretation that the particles may introduce a inverse cascade of turbulence has been confirmed numerically by [44] who used direct numerical simulations of arrays of bubbles (12 by 12 and 18 by 18) in 2D low Reynolds number bubbly flows to investigate the relative motion of several bubbles. They found that the bubbles produced eddies much larger than the bubble size. Those eddies kept growing until they were of the same size as the computational domain for the small (12 by 12) array. (For the 18 by 18 array the computation was stopped while the eddies were still growing, and not reached the size of the computational domain). Later studies on the the inverse energy cascade structure of turbulence in bubbly flows and on turbulence structures induced by bubble buoyancy by [106, 107] confirmed the findings of [44]. 

Grosholz, Emily. 1994. "Reduction in the Formal Sciences." Proceedings of Conference on Physical Interpretations of Relativity Theory IV (Late Papers). London British Society for the Philosophy of Science 28-51. 

The physical interpretation of the last result is that the normal velocity is reduced as we approach the bottom of the disk relative to the leading-order approximation of its value from the core solution as z 1, which completely neglects viscous effects (at the first order of approximation). 

P° has the aspect of being an effective vapor pressure, it is always higher than P , and a physical interpretation is that P° is the hypothetical vapor pressure of a bulk liquid adsorbate whose structure is the same as that of the adsorbed film. On this basis, RT ln(P° /P ) is the local excess free energy of water in the adsorbed film resulting from structural perturbations relative to bulk water. The x parameter functions as a characteristic relaxation distance. 

The physical interpretation of Eqn 13-62 is strongly influenced by the relative magnitude of the reaction rate constants fe, fe and fe, For ex-... 

---