Related to Morphine

Opioids. Reactions to morphine, codeine phosphate, meperidine, fentanyl and its derivatives are uncommon. Because of their direct histamine-releasing properties, especially regarding morphine and codeine, distinction between anaphylaxis and non-immune-mediated histamine release is not always easy. Only 12 cases were recorded in the last 2 years epidemiologic survey in France, 9 of them being related to morphine administration [9]. 

Gates, M. (1950) The Synthesis of Ring Systems Related to Morphine. III. 5,6-Dimethoxy-4-cyanomethyl-1,2-naphthoquinone and its Condensation with Dienes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 72, 228-234. 

Opiate A drug related to morphine, derived from opium. 

Hydromorphone Hydromorphone, 4,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-N-methyl-6-oxomorphinane (3.1.22), is a compound related to morphine that differs in the absence of a double bond between C7-C8 and the presence of a keto group instead of a hydroxyl group on Cg. The drug is synthesized by the isomerization of morphine in the presence of a palladium or platinum catalyst [11,12]. The other way is by oxidation of dihydroporphine [13,14]. 

Hydrocodone Hydrocodone, 4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-Af-methyl-6-oxomorphinane (3.1.27), is a compound that is chemically related to morphine and codeine. Hydrocodone is synthesized by the isomerization of codeine (3.1.20) using a palladium or platinum catalyst [18]. This drug has also been suggested to be synthesized by the hydration of codeinone [19] and by oxidation of dihydrocodeine [20]. 

Morphine was known to the Sumerians and Egyptians as a very valuable pain killer in medicine it is also a powerful narcotic that is habit forming. A great deal of effort has been spent in finding a derivative of morphine that has its good properties, and less of its bad properties. Then, in 1944, demerol and methadone were discovered, which are even more powerful than morphine, but bear no structural relation to morphine. The leading theory now is that both morphine and methadone have the same T-shape, and may fit the receptor. 

The potency of these drugs in relation to morphine is noted in parentheses. 

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