Reject limit

Membrane Properties. The reverse osmosis performance of the bentonite-doped membrane under brackish water conditions is compared to that of the reference membrane in Figure 5 (I, reference membrane II, with organophilic bentonite). At low salt rejection the bentonite membrane again shows a higher initial flux than the reference membrane, the performance of the two becoming identical at the high rejection limit. 

Surprisingly, intuition fails to predict the behavior of the same solute and solvent in a membrane with a uniform pore size larger than both the solvent and solute. The expectation that such a membrane will provide no rejection of the solute has been refuted repeatedly. Indeed, careful experiments indicate that partial rejection of the solute occurs even when the solute is considerably smaller (say 1/1 Oth as large as the pore size) (Miller, 1992 Deen, 1987 Ho and Sirkar, 1992 Happel and Brenner, 1965). The extent of rejection increases monotonically to the total rejection limit as the solute size approaches the pore size. These effects arise both from entropic suppression of partitioning and from augmented hydrodynamic resistance to transport through the fine pores. Thus, in this case, for a porous membrane, thermodynamic partitioning can play a role in the physical chemical processes of transport. 

Alternatively, a two-point control is enacted when the compression force is outside an acceptable band outlined by the upper and lower tolerance limits. Thus, there are separate control limits, rejection limits, alarm limits, and shutdown limits, and no respective action is taken when the signal is inside these limits. 

When tannins (either hydrolyzable or condensed types) are added to artificial diets, the fitness and growtfi rate of animals (especially mammals) eating these diets is usually reduced (Mole and Waterman, 1987a Schultz, 1989). The percentage of tannins in plant materials often is in the range 5-10%, but can be much greater. The rejection limit of most vertebrates is about 0.05% for hydrolyzable tannins. Many animals refuse to eat diets containing sizable quantities of tannins. 

In the IAEA data analysis, various statistical techniques (IAEA 1998a) are used to derive separate estimates of the operator s and inspector s uncertainty parameters based on the collection of historical operator-inspector differences. The results of these evaluations are performance values, typical for a specific facility and for each stratum (material type) and measurement method combination. The actually observed verification measurement performance is then used for the planning (sample size calculations), the conduct (establishing reject limits), and the evaluation (material balance) of inspections in a given facility. 

Conversely an independent testing authority (for example an inspector) should only disqualify a product when it is sufficiently sure that the real content is outside the official limit. He also has to take the analytical error into account. It is common practice to state the rejecting limits by extending the official limit with the unilateral 95 %-confidence interval of the analysis. When both parties keep within these rules the chance is small that a batch is released by a producer and consequently rejected by an independent testing authority. 

A Fabry-Perot LCTF having a spectral bandpass of better than 20 cm has been employed for Raman microscopy [25]. Although exhibiting excellent image quality, the Fabry-Perot device exhibited moderate spectral resolution, low out-of-band rejection, limited free spectral range, and a small acceptance angle. It also requires a temperature-stabilized housing to avoid thermal drift in the bandpass. 

Generally speaking, an event which may be at the origin of severe consequences requires 2a + b LODs to be rejected into residual risk. Limiting events should be emphasised because they are Beyond Design Basis events with a bounding character which have not been chosen for purely probabilistic considerations. It is usually considered that a medium line is required to reject limiting events into residual risk. 

Reliability indices P evaluated for standard EEMUA 159 (green squares) are lower than the reliability indices evaluated for standard API 653 in all cases, see Figure 7. At the same time the minimum acceptable thickness evaluated for standard EEMUA 159 (green squares) are lower than the minimum acceptable thickness evaluated for standard API 653. This means that the rejection limits of standard API 653 are safer (more conservative) than the rejection limits of standard EEMUA 159. 

Within the preset time limit, the operator can at any time press the reject button, which will close the on/off shutter, open the exit panel and move the block on to an output conveyor At the same time the entrance panel will open to admit the next block awaiting inspection. 

The accept and downgrade buttons are interlocked with a sensor device, so that a block must be scanned at least once before the block can be accepted and loaded out by the operator This function will however always be overruled by the programmed safety time limit, which will automatically reject and outload the block when the allowed exposure time has elapsed. 

If neither the accept, downgrade or reject button is pushed during inspection, the block will automatically be out loaded after the time limit has expired. The accept/reject/downgrade buttons will flash prompting the inspector for a decision. 

But there is a price to be paid. Good Workmanship acceptance criteria for conventional techniques must, to a certain extent, be conservative, in order to compensate for the inherent "limitations" of conventional NDT. And, what is worse, the degree of conservatism is more or less unknown. Therefore the question can be asked "if the historic background of present NDT practice would not exist, what would we like to know today about a weld to be able to accept or reject it "... 

Memhra.nes. Liquid separation via membranes, ie, reverse osmosis (qv), is used in production of pure water from seawater. The chief limit to broader use of reverse osmosis is the high pressure required as the concentration of reject rises. 

As a result, most systems are limited, to achieving a mole fraction reject of 0.1 or less (see Membrane technology). 

The ethylene feedstock used in most plants is of high purity and contains 200—2000 ppm of ethane as the only significant impurity. Ethane is inert in the reactor and is rejected from the plant in the vent gas for use as fuel. Dilute gas streams, such as treated fluid-catalytic cracking (FCC) off-gas from refineries with ethylene concentrations as low as 10%, have also been used as the ethylene feedstock. The refinery FCC off-gas, which is otherwise used as fuel, can be an attractive source of ethylene even with the added costs of the treatments needed to remove undesirable impurities such as acetylene and higher olefins. Its use for ethylbenzene production, however, is limited by the quantity available. Only large refineries are capable of deUvering sufficient FCC off-gas to support an ethylbenzene—styrene plant of an economical scale. 

Application A production-line product is rejected if one of its characteristics does not fall within specified limits. The standard goal is that no more than 2 percent of the production should he rejected. 

General Characteristics Countercurrent flow is maintained by virtue of the difference in densities of the hquids and either the force of gravity (vertical towers) or centrifugal force (centrifugal extractors). Only one of the liquids may be pumped through the equipment at any desired velocity. Tne maximum velocity for the second is then fixed if it is attempted to exceed this limit, the second hquid will be rejected and the extractor will be flooded. 

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