Reinitzer, Friedrich

Reinitaer, Beryamin (1855-1928), 19 Reinitzer, Friedrich (1857-1927), 19 Reuss, Fedor Fedorovich (Ferdinand Friedrich) (1778-1852), 283 Riche, Alfred (1829-1908), 93 Richter, Viktor Iirl evich (1841-1891), 301... 

The term liquid crystal was first applied to compounds that, unlike most compounds that melt in a single step at a definite temperature, show one or more well-defined phases between the solid and the true liquid. Otto Lehmann in 1888 was contacted by Friedrich Reinitzer who had observed that crystalline cholesteryl benzoate, on heating, seemed to have two melting points.At 145.5° C a cloudy liquid forms that, on further heating, changes sharply to a clear liquid at 178.5° C. On cooling the reverse order of phases was found. The turbid liquid is doubly refracting, like the anisotropic crystals described in Chapter 5, hence the... 

In 1888 the Austrian botanist and chemist Friedrich Reinitzer, interested in the chemical function of cholesterol in plants, noticed that the cholesterol derivative cholesteryl benzoate had two distinct melting points. At 145.5°C (293.9°F) the solid compound melted to form a turbid fluid, and this fluid stayed turbid until 178.5°C (353.3°F), at which temperature the turbidity disappeared and the liquid became clear. On cooling the liquid, he found that this sequence was reversed. He concluded that he had discovered a new state of matter occupying a niche between the crystalline solid and liquid states the liquid crystalline state. More than a century after Reinitzer s discovery, liquid crystals are an important class of advanced materials, being used for applications ranging from clock and calculator displays to temperature sensors. 

In 1888, Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer (1857-1927) was synthesizing esters of cholesterol when he discovered a very curious phenomenon. Investigating the melting point of cholesterol benzoate, he discovered that at 293°F (145°C) it did not really melt but turned milky ... 

We recall that the first liquid crystals, which were monomer LCs (MLCs), were discovered by Friedrich Reinitzer in 1888 [23] while the first book about them appeared 20 years later [24]. While much has been done in the last century, both MLCs and PLCs remain fascinating object to study and to apply. We have seen several results of MD simulations of PLCs. A tacit assumption was made above all along the simulated PLCs were all longitudinal, that is with LC sequences in the main chain and oriented along the chain backbone. Various other classes of PLCs have been synthesized by chemists [18,25,26]. These include orthogonal, with the LC sequences also in the backbone but perpendicular to it. There exist as well various kinds of combs, and even polymers with three-dimensional LC units. MD simulations should be able to elucidate mechanical behavior of such PLCs as well. This is particularly noteworthy since the promise made in section 15.1 to provide simulation results unobtainable from experiments appears to have been kept. 

The discovery of liquid crystals by humans is due to the Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer [14] what he observed in 1888 were cholesteric MLCs (see Section 41.3.1). Some people did not believe Reinitzer that such strange structures are possible. However, a German scientist named Otto Lehmann asked Reinitzer for some samples, conducted similar experiments, and reported virtually identical results a year later [15]. Given the popirlar disbelief, Lehmaim s resirlts were not exactly trivial. Lehmaim also coined the name liquid crystals —over objections of Reinitzer, who said the name is wrong and constitutes a contradiction. As you can easily imagine, there were cen-tennnial celebrations in Austria in 1988 and in Germany in 1989. 

Fig. 1.2 Photos of Friedrich Reinitzer (/ ) and Otto Lehmann (right)...

In 1888, the botanist Friedrich Reinitzer [9.5] was studying cholesterol in plants. He had the idea of observing a cholesterol benzoate crystal through the microscope as it underwent melting. At 145.5°C, the crystal became cloudy but fluid. It then transformed into a transparent liquid, very like water, at 178.5°C. The natural inclination of any physicist would have been to doubt the purity of the sample. Indeed, this had been the conclusion of those scientists who had previously made the same observation. Reinitzer, however, trusted in the quality of his compound. He therefore introduced the idea that melting could take place in two stages, and in this way opened up a new area of research the study of liquid crystals, intermediate states between liquids and solids. 

Liquid crystals have a history of more than 100 years. It is believed that the person who discovered liquid crystals is Friedrich Reinitzer, an Austrian botanist [7]. The liquid crystal phase observed by him in 1888 was a cholesteric phase. Since then, liquid crystals have come a long way and become a major branch of interdisciplinary sciences. Scientifically, liquid crystals are important because of the richness of structures and transitions. Technologically, they have won tremendous success in display and photonic applications [8-10]. 

Liquid crystals were discovered by Austrian botanist and chemist Friedrich Reinitzer in 1888. While working with cholesterol, he discovered what ap>-peared to be a phase of matter between the solid (crystal) state and the liquid state. While attempting... 

The discovery of liquid crystals was made by Friedrich Reinitzer while working with the compound cholesteryl benzoate. In the time since its discovery, thousands of other organic compounds have been found to have a liquid crystal state. 

An 1888 study was reported by an Austrian botanist, named Friedrich Reinitzer, when a material known as cholesteryl benzoate had shown two distinct melting points. Reinitzer increased the temperature of a solid sample to see the crystal change into a hazy... 

Person to discover - George-Luls LeClerc, Comte de Buffon Friedrich Reinitze ... 

Liquid-crystalline behaviour was first reported by the Austrian botanist, Friedrich Reinitzer, in a letter... 

Traditionally, the discovery of liquid crystals has been attributed to Friedrich Reinitzer in 1888. Reinitzer was a scientist at the German University of Prague in the Institute of Plant Physiology while studying the properties of cholesterol compounds, he found that cholesterol benzoate appeared to have two different melting points. Another scientist of the time, Otto Lehman, a crystallographer at the University of Aachen, first proposed the liquid crystal state to be a distinct new state of matter. ... 

The existence of liquid crystal was known when the Austrian chemist Friedrich Reinitzer discovered a strange phenomenon of two distinct melting points on a cholesterol substance back in 1888. The solid crystal melted into cloudy Uquid at 145.5 C until the cloudiness disappeared and changed to a clear transparent Uquid at 178.5 C. The term Uquid crystal was introduced by Otto Lehmarm when he discovered in 1890 that ammonium oleate and p-azoxyphenetole showed turbid states between the extremely crystalline and the truly isotropic fluid state. This phenomenon was challenged for almost half of a century by some scientists because they previously knew of three states of matter, but the concept was Anally accepted and supported through conclusive experiments and theories. 

Liquid crystals are materials that exhibit order intermediate between that of a solid crystal and that of a regular liquid [1]. As a consequence, liquid crystals present imique characteristics. For example, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules are oriented along a characteristic length scale. The first report [2] of a liquid crystal material comes from Friedrich Reinitzer in 1888. Reinitzer observed that cholesteryl benzoate melted at 145.5 °C into a cloudy liquid that persisted until the temperature reached 178.5 °C. At this latter temperature the cloudiness disappeared. Reinitzer and his colleague Otto Lehmann determined that the cloudy liquid was a new state of matter. The properties of cholesteryl benzoate led Lehmann to coin the term liquid crystal in 1889 [3]. 

The first scientific description of liquid crystals was provided by the Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer. This was in 1888, hence in 1988 we had celebrations of 100 years of discovery of liquid crystals. We also had celebrations in 1989, because in 1889 the German scientist Otto Lehmann coined the name liquid crystals . Lehmann confirmed the experimental results of Reinitzer, which was important, since some people did not believe Reinitzer. However, Reinitzer was not exactly grateful he maintained that the name liquid crystals is wrong and constitutes a contradiction. 

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