Reflected output voltage

We know that voltages and currents reflect across the boundary by getting either multiplied or divided by the turns ratio. In fact, the reflected output voltage, Vor, is one of the most important parameters of a flyback, as we will see. As the name indicates, Vor is effectively the output voltage as seen by the primary side. In fact, if we compare the switch waveform of the flyback in Figure 3-1 with that of a buck-boost, we will realize that to the switch, it seems as if the output voltage is really Vor-... 

This is also true because any trace inductance here gets multiplied by the square of the turns ratio, and reflects into the primary side, as discussed previously. This greatly increases the dissipation in the primary-side RCD/zener clamp and severely degrades the converter efficiency. We have to really struggle to minimize secondary-side inductances, especially for low output voltage rails, that is, those with higher turns ratios. 

Bourdon tube) is reflected in the position of the ferromagnetic core of the LVDT and is thus a function of the difference between the input and output voltages measured in terms of phase shift and amplitude ratio (see Section 7.8.4). 

The primary information obtained is the transient change in the output voltage of the detector, which occurs when the sample in the cell is made conducting by a pulse of ionizing radiation. The cell is constructed of a length of metal waveguide and can be one of two types a reflection cell or a resonant-cavity cell. With the reflection cell, microwaves pass from the source through the sample and are reflected from the rear wall of the cell back to the detector. The resonant-cavity cell, on the... 

Equation 2.23 shows that two reflected resistances of (coMy/Zo now appear in series with Rc in the cavity circuit, whilst an additional load of this value adds to the cavity resistance reflected to the source. The output voltage Ijet becomes ... 

When a transformer-rectifier operates at full current but below its rated output voltage, its power efficiency declines. This is because the losses remain virtually unchanged while the power output falls proportionately with voltage. If the same transformer-rectifier operates at full voltage but below its rated output current, the reverse is true. The power efficiency increases because the resistive losses decrease with the square of the current while the power output falls only linearly. The efficiency improvement is not as great as might be expected from this statement, because the no-load (iron) losses of a transformer do not reduce at all and the rectifier losses are only partly resistive. The latter reflects the fact that semiconductor devices have fixed voltage drops in addition to their resistive losses. 

In this thesis study, a PEM fuel cell was modeled. Using the model, the most important performance parameters of the PEM fuel cell, namely operation temperature and pressure were investigated and their affects were determined on the PEM fuel cell performance. The performance is reflected primarily in the PEM fuel cell output voltage, electrical power output and efficiencies. The basic results of the PEM fuel cell modeling (Table VII. 1) are presented below ... 

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