Refinery centers

The other refining centers in the United States are all located near one of the major pipelines that are suppHed either from the Gulf Coast oil fields or from Oklahoma, Texas, or Louisiana fields. The Pacific Northwest refineries were originally suppHed mostly by Canadian production. Currently (ca 1995), these refineries are predominantly suppHed by Alaskan North Slope cmde, which is brought in from Valdez to the refinery ports in tankers. 

Horizontal Blowdown Drum/Catch Tank This type of drum, shown in Fig. 26-16, combines both the vapor-liquid separation and holdup functions in one vessel. Horizontal drums are commonly used where space is plentiful, such as in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. The two-phase mixture usually enters at one end and the vapor exits at the other end. For two-phase streams with very high vapor flow rates, inlets may be provided at each end, with the vapor outlet at the center of the drum, thus minimizing vapor velocities at the inlet and aiding vapor-hquid separation. 

In 1996, the U S. domestic lead industry was comprised of 17 mines located primarily in Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, and Montana two primary smelter-refineries in Missouri a primary smelter in Montana and 25 secondary (recycling) producers operating 31 plants. Of the lead recycled in 1996, 99% was produced by 10 companies operating 17 plants in Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas. Lead is also sold by the Defense National Stockpile Center (DNSC) as a result of legislation passed in 1992 authorizing the disposal of the entire 545,000 metric tons in the stockpile over several years. The law, however, requires the task to be completed without undue disruption of commercial lead markets (Larrabee 1997 Smith 1998). 

Refineries and olefins plants generate the primary supplies of benzene so cyclohexane plants tend to be clustered around refining centers to save transportation costs. 

For purposes of characterization, emission sources are generally divided broadly into stationary and mobile or transportation sources. Stationary sources are further divided into point and area emitters. Typical point sources must include petroleum refineries and electric power plants. Commercial solvent emission and gasoline marketing emission may generally be represented as area sources. A third category has been defined recently—indirect sources—that takes into account hybrid sources like sports arenas and shopping centers. These have fixed locations, but the traffic that is generated by or attracted to such a facility constitutes the source of emission that is combined with the emission of the facility itself. 

RushtonL. 1993. A 39-year follow-up of the U.K. oil refinery and distribution center studies Results for kidney cancer and leukemia. Environ Health Perspect Supplements 101 (Suppl. 6) 77-84. 

Sniper Rifles. Washington, D.C. Violence Policy Center, 2002. Also available online. URL http //www.vpc.org/studies/duckcont.htm. Posted in August 2002. Warns that. 50 caliber sniper rifles could be used by terrorists to cause a disaster in a chemical plant or refinery. 

Fig. 2. Aerial view of small portion of a Texas petroleum refinery, showing the hydrocracking unit just left of center of view...

Nir Keren, an experienced plant engineer and talented graduate student at the Mary Kay O Connor Process Safety Center at Texas A M, took on a benchmarking study to compare MOC practices. He developed a questionnaire and distributed it to more than 50 chemical and petrol chemical industries, refineries, and gas plants. There were responses from 26 facilities. The survey asked about 25 probing questions. His comprehensive paper was presented at a Mary Kay O Connor Process Safety Center Symposium in October 2001 and later published by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. [9]... 

ECONOMICS OF MANUFACTURING REFINERY HYDROGEN BY NEW COAL PROCESS AT FOUR REFINING CENTERS... 

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