References and Recommended Readings

Hannon, J., Mixing and Chemical Reaction in Tubular Reactors and Stirred Tanks, PhD. Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, U.K., 1992. 

Middleton, J. C., Pierce, F., and Lynch, P. M., Computations of Flow Fields and Complex Reaction Yield in Turbulent Stirred Reactors and Comparison with Experimental Data, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., Vol. 64, pp. 18-21, 1986. 

Tipnis, S. K., Penny, W. R., and Fasano, J. B., An experimental investigation to determine a scale-up method for fast competitive parallel reactions in agitated vessels, AIChE Annual Meeting, St. Louis, November 1993. 

Versteeg, H. K. and Malalasekera, W., An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics—The Finite Volume Method, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd., 1995. 

(2012). Shell will spend billions on a chemical refinery in Pennsylvania. The Plain Dealer, March 15 (http //www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2012/03/ shell will spend billions on a.html). 

(2011). 4.0 earthquake strikes in northeast Ohio. USA Today, December 31 (www. usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-12-31/northeast-ohio-earthquake/ 52307134/1). 

Oil Gas Commission. (2001). Fracturing (Fracking) and Disposal of Fluids, Information Sheet 15. B.C. Oil Gas Commission, British Columbia (www. bctwa.org/Frk-BCOil GasCom-Fracking.pdf). 

Fountain, H. (2012). Ohio quakes halt well dumping of fracking fluids. The New York Times, January 5. 

League of Women Voters. (2009). Study Guide 11 Marcellus Shade Natural Gas Environmental Impact. League of Women Voters of Indiana County, Pennsylvania (www.palwv.org/indiana). 

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Some of these variables are continuous whereas others are categorical, hi many cases, it is advantageous to study samples from the multivariate perspective. As with so many aspects of forensic chemistry, multivariate statistics (the application of statistics to data sets with more than one variable) is a separate field to which entire textbooks are devoted. Accordingly, this brief section will introduce tile concepts most used in forensic chemistry and reported in the forensic literature more detailed treatments can be formd in the references and recommended readings. Our goal here is only to attain familiarity and, hopefully, whet your appetite for further study. 

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