Recycling of Electric Vehicle Batteries

Lithium Battery R D Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185-0613, U.S.A. 

as a major participant in the USABC and PNGV programs, has been working to address infinstructure barriers to the commercial acceptance of EVs since the early 1990s. As an outgrowth of a workshop held in 1991 on sodium-beta batteries 

ELECTRIC VEfflCLE/HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES 

Vehicle Battery Type EV/HEV Pack Power (kW) Pack Energy (kWh) Pack Voltage (V) Pack Capacity (Ah) Modules/ Pack Calculated Pack Volume (L) Total Pack Mass (kg) 

Ni/MH = nickel/metal hydride, VRLA polymer = valve-regulated lead-acid, Na/NiCL = sodium/nickel chloride, Li- ion = lithium-ion, Li polymer = lithium- 

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Gaines 1994, Energy Use and Emissions in the Production and Recycling of Electric Vehicle Batteries, Report of December 13, 1994, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Argorme, Illinois. 

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