Recovery vesicles

The formation of ordered two- and three-dimensional microstructuies in dispersions and in liquid systems has an influence on a broad range of products and processes. For example, microcapsules, vesicles, and liposomes can be used for controlled drug dehvery, for the contaimnent of inks and adhesives, and for the isolation of toxic wastes. In addition, surfactants continue to be important for enhanced oil recovery, ore beneficiation, and lubrication. Ceramic processing and sol-gel techniques for the fabrication of amorphous or ordered materials with special properties involve a rich variety of colloidal phenomena, ranging from the production of monodispersed particles with controlled surface chemistry to the thermodynamics and dynamics of formation of aggregates and microciystallites. 

T. E Yen, J. K. Park, K. I. Lee, and Y. Li. Fate of surfactant vesicles surviving from thermophilic, halotolerant, spore forming, Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum. In E. C. Donaldson, editor. Microbial enhancement of oil recovery recent advances Proceedings of the 1990 International Conference on Microbial Enhancement of Oil Recovery,... 

Microscopic Studies of Surfactant Vesicles Formed During Tar Sand Recovery... 

With free radical initiator added (e.g., H202), the reaction takes minutes to complete. Based on the surfactant vesicles characterization derived from current investigations, it is suggested that these surfactants could retain their effectiveness necessary for bitumen recovery in the reservoir environment for a number of years. 

Chordate neurons (early Cambrian) As above plus first hydroxylations giving serotonin and dopamine iron/pterin chemistry in cytoplasm vesicle filled in centre of cell Recovery by amine oxidation (flavoenzymes)... 

Jawless fish (Cambrian) As above second hydroxylation giving norepinephrine and amidated peptides copper chemistry in vesicles Recovery additionally by hydrolysis Zinc enzymes... 

The recovery of neurotransmitters from synaptic clefts and their storage in cytoplasmic vesicles is accomplished by the tandem actions of the secondary transporters in plasma and vesicular membranes 84 Packaging neurotransmitters into presynaptic vesicles is mediated by proton-coupled antiporters 86... 

The biosynthesis and storage of ACh can be divided into three processes that allow for recovery of hydrolyzed transmitter by choline transport back into the nerve ending, conversion by acetylation to active transmitter and then storage in a vesicle for subsequent release [16-21] (Fig. 11-4). 

LY294002 and wortmannin inhibit the enzyme PI-3 kinase required for the closure of pseudopodia to form intracellular vesicles (61,73-75,78,122). Compared to wortmannin, which is relatively unstable in aqueous media, the inhibitory effects of LY294002 are more specific, reversible (recovery after 10 minutes), and not light dependent. Therefore, LY294002 can be used for time-lapse experiments. Several studies have indicated that both substances have little or no effect on the other pathways described (75). However, both substances might block the uptake of Tfn as well (76). 

---