Experiment, recording

PDB Research Col-laboratory for Structural Bioinformat-ics (RCSB) macromole-cular structure data on proteins, nucleic acids, protein-nucleic acid complexes, and viruses nu- meric. biblio. -20000 records experi- ments Research Col-laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics online, CD-ROM periodi- cally WU7W.TCsh.0Tg/ pdh/... 

In 1839 Alexandre-Edmtmd Becquerel, a French experimental physicist, did the earliest recorded experiments with the photovoltaic effect. Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect while experimenting with an electrolytic cell made up of two metal... 

The isolated oocytes are still surrounded by the vitelline membrane, an inner glycoprotein matrix layer (Yao et al., 2000). This layer does not interfere with whole-cell recording experiments. It can be removed manually however, for patch-clamp experiments requiring the formation of high-resistance seals. 

The starting point in event tree analysis is the initiating event. The quantitative evaluation of the event tree requires condition probabilities. These may be based on reliability data, historical records, experience, or from fault trees. 

Fig. 7. Effect of the iv administration of the 5-HT1B agonist CP-94,253 on the spontaneous firing rate of 5-HT neurons and 5-HT release in the DR and MnR nucleus. (A) The systemic administration of cumulative doses of CP-94,253 (0.05-1.6 mg/kg iv) did not change the firing activity of DR 5-HT neurons or the 5-HT release (right-hand panel). (B) In contrast, CP-94,253 increased the 5-HT firing activity and 5-HT release in MnR at the same doses. The administration of CP-94,253 in single-unit recording experiments (left-hand panels) is shown by arrows, which correspond to the following doses 0.05, 0.05, 0.1,0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg iv. An additional dose of 1.6 mg/kg CP-94,253 was injected when recording 5-HT neurons in the MnR. Both 5-HT neurons were inhibited by 8-OH-DPAT (up to 4 pg/kg iv). Data of 5-HT release in DR and MnR are from four and five rats, respectively. Redrawn from data in ref. 164.

The choice of catalyst and conditions for optimal results sometimes can be critical, but often is not. A number of generalizations can aid in the selection of a suitable procedure however, the best guide for an initial choice is based on the recorded experience of others. " However, in order to improve or adapt the procedure to a particular objective, some understanding of the dynamics and mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation can be helpful. 

The successful degradation of o[ -D-glucosaccharinic acid to a 1-deoxy-pentulose has apparently not been recorded. Experiments in the author s laboratory have indicated that the oxidation of calcium a -D-glucosac-charinate with hydrogen peroxide and ferric acetate (the Ruff degradation) proceeds normally to yield a reducing product. However, no crystalline derivative of the expected deoxypentulose has been obtained as yet. 

The recording of the observations is an important step in all scientific work. The following method of recording experiments is used in the author s laboratory other instructors have methods which better fit the particular conditions in their laboratories. The important point, however, is that all methods are directed toward training the student in the proper procedure of recording observations and conclusions as they are made, so that the notebook be-... 

Retain Any previous experiences reused (without or after revision) are automatically recorded by the process-integrated tool and their trace is stored in the trace repository. Prom now on, they also constitute pieces of recorded experience that can be provided for support to analogous situations in the future. 

Figure 4.8 describes the activities which result in the capturing of the product and process traces. This includes the interactions between the user (a compounding or plastics engineering expert), the MOREX design tool (as described in Subsect. 5.4.2), the document management system Documentum [657], and the Process Data Warehouse. The continued scenario which shows the reuse of this recorded experience, will be described afterwards. 

Using Recorded Experience for Process Analysis and Development... 

Another example of an experiment showing the sizes of the physiologically defined minicolumns is the nerve regeneration study carried out by Kaas et al. (1981). These experimenters made an initial electrode penetration of the somatic sensory hand area in a monkey s neocortex in a direction more or less parallel to the surface of the cortex and showed that over a considerable distance the same modality type is observed. They then sectioned the median nerve and allowed time for the nerve to regenerate and re-innervate of the skin. The recording experiment was then... 

Patch clamp single channel recording experiments with neuroblastoma (N1E-115) cells provided additional support to the above hypothesis (22.). The single sodium channel conductance of neuroblastoma cells was reduced by increasing the external calcium concentration from 0.18 to 9.0 mM. The dissociation constant for calcium block was estimated to be 32.4 1.05 mM. 

The best source of design information on fouhng is to find someone who has had to deal with a similar situation in the past and can give a historical perspective on what happened and how it was dealt with. The literature, especially the book by Bott [66], can be a source of case studies and contacts, and this information is fairly freely shared in the profession. The specialty water treatment chemical suppliers have large files of recorded experience in that area, and there is increasing use of chemicals in controlhng fouling in process streams as well. 

Thermal Analysis Thermal analysis has proven to be especially suited to investigating phase diagrams. Samples of varying compositions have been melted and then cooled down again for this. During cooling, a thermocouple measiues the mixture s temperature as a function of time and a cooling curve is recorded (Experiment 14.3). 

The earliest recorded experiments were carried out in England by Courten in 1679 (24). He injected a dog intravenously half an ounce of olive oil that had not been emuIsitied. The re.sult was that the dog died of a fat embolism. At the end of the nineteenth century experiments were carried out giving campber oi) subcutaneously to patients with spinal tuberculosis. At this time attempts were once again made to administer fat intravenously (63,157,162). However, these preparations could not be used clinically. 

Fig. 101. Schematical representation of an experimental set-up for magneto-optical and thermomagnetic recording experiments (after Mimura et al., 1978b).

---